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User:Asakura Akira/Diet directory

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Diet of Japan reference and redlink lists.

House of Representatives

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Representatives

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Parliamentary groups since 1945

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See also: NDL, Reference 2005.4, 主要政党の変遷と国会内勢力の推移, pp.72–75 party flowchart

For now, compiled from [1] & [2]. Per se not usable as a reference in the main article space; but after verifying individual numbers with published scientific and official sources, I'm confident that the numbers are generally correct. (And at least I find them both useful and informative in this compiled form. Only parts are, let's say: collectible on the [rather clumsy, early internet/1990s-style] H.R. website. Even the full Diet minutes at the NDL are easier to navigate.) There are also several Japanese language Diet yearbooks, political directories etc. that could eventually be used as reference – I still hope and look for a more easily accessible (preferably in English & on the internet) reliable source.

Seat numbers for ruling parties are in bold (not including cooperation partners outside the cabinet) in the State of Japan. In the Empire of Japan, the prime minister was appointed and the cabinet was – at least not formally – dependent on having a stable majority in either chamber of the Diet. (EdNote: might eventually change this for the Taishō democracy and immediate postwar years as constitutional practice made an electoral mandate, at least to some degree, more important and there was usually a link between the government and political parties with at least a significant presence in the HR)

21st election period (Japanese House of Representatives election, 1942) (cont.)
Imperial Diet Opening date Japanese Socialist Party Japanese Cooperative Party Japanese Progressive Party Japanese Liberal Party Independents Vacant
89th November 1945 17 26 274 43
...
23rd election period (Japanese House of Representatives election, 1947)
Diet/
general
election		 Date JCP JSP SRP WFP JFP PCP DP Dōshi Cl. Ind. Cl. (1st)
1st Rep. Cl. (2nd–) 		JLP
DLP (3rd–) 		NLP Independents Vacant
1947 April 25, 1947 6 98 – – 4 63 145 – 7* 140 – 2 0
4 143 – – 3 31 124 – 0 131 – 12+18* 0
1st (S) May 20, 1947 4 144 – – 7 31 132 – 19* 129 – – 0
2nd December 10, 1947 4 140 – – 8 32 105 22 15 120 – 3 17
3rd (E) October 11, 1948 4 112 20 9 7 30 90 – 10 151 11 4 18
4th December 1, 1948 4 111 20 12 7 29 90 – 8 151 11 3 20
Notes (*):
1. The Independent Club before the 1947 election was not the same party as the Independent Club that formed in the first session. (Or was that in another election??? Look it up![citation needed])
2. The other parties that together won 18 seats in the 1947 election and didn't survive the month to the opening session were namely: ???[citation needed]
3. The other parties that together won four seats in the 1949 election and didn't survive the weeks to the opening session were namely: ???[citation needed]
24th election period
Diet/
general
election		 Date JCP Left JSP
(23rd caucus room) 		JSP WFP SRP (–10th)
SDP (11th–13th)
CP (14th–) 		NFP (5th)
FCP (7th–) 		JFP PCP PP PDP DP opposition
(9th caucus room) 		DP coalition
(10th caucus room) 		DLP (5th–7th)
Liberal Party (8th–) 		NLP Justice C. (–12th)
3rd C. (13th–) 		Independents Vacant
1949 January 23, 1949 4 – 111 12 20 – 7 29 – – 90 152 11 – 3
8 (1st Rep. C.)		 19
35 – 48 7 5 5 1 14 – – 69 264 2 – 12
4 (others)		 0
5th (S) February 11, 1949 35 – 48 7 5 10 – 14 – – 70 269 – – 8 0
6th (E) October 25, 1949 36 – 48 6 32* – – 37 33 266 – 4 1 3
7th December 4, 1949 36 – 47 6 5 27* – – 37 33 266 – 4 2 3
8th (E) July 12, 1950 29 – 46 6 4 9 – – – 67 – – 286 – 2 3 14
9th (E) November 21, 1950 27 – 46 4 4 9 – – – 67 – – 285 – 2 5 17
10th December 10, 1950 26 – 46 4 4 9 – – – 67 – – 285 – 2 6 17
11th (E) August 16, 1951 25 – 45 4 4 8 – – – 66 – – 284 – 2 6 22
12th (E) October 10, 1951 22 – 45 4 4 8 – – – 66 – – 284 – 2 6 25
13th December 10, 1951 23 15 30 4 4 8 – – – 64 – – 283 – 6 3 26
14th August 26, 1952 22 16 30 4 5 – – – 67 – – – 285 – 6 2 29
Notes (*): 1. The joint SRP/NFP/PCP parliamentary group was called New Political Conference (Shin Seiji kyōgikai).
25th election period
Diet/
general
election		 Date JCP Left JSP Right JSP CP WFP PP Ind. Cl. Reconstruction L. LP Independents Vacant
1952 October 1, 1952 22 16 30 5 4 67 – – 285 2
6 (3rd C.)		 29
0 54 57 2 4 85 – 1 240 19
4 (others)		 0
15th (S) October 24, 1952 – 56 60 – 4 89 12 – 242 3 0
26th election period
Diet/
general
election		 Date JCP Left JSP Right JSP Small Party Club WFP PP JDP (Hatoyama) LP (–18th)
JLP (19th) 		(Yoshida) LP Shintō Dōshikai Independents Vacant
1953 April 19, 1953 – 56 60 – 4 88 – 37 207 – 7
7 (others)		 0
1 72 66 – 5 76 – 35 199 – 11
1 (others)		 0
16th (S) May 18, 1953 – 72 66 14 – 77 – 35 202 – – 0
17th (E) October 29, 1953 – 71 66 14 – 76 – 34 201 – 2 2
18th (E) November 30, 1953 – 71 66 14 – 76 – 13 222 – 2 2
19th December 10, 1953 – 71 66 14 – 76 – 8 227 – 2 2
20th (E) November 30, 1954 – 72 61 11 – – 120 – 185 7 3 8
21st December 10, 1954 – 72 61 11 – – 121 – 185 6 3 8
27th election period
Diet/
general
election		 Date JCP Left JSP JSP Right JSP Small Party Club WFP JDP LDP LP Ind. Vac.
1955 February 27, 1955 1 74 – 61 – 5 124 – 180 1
10 (others)		 11
2 89 – 67 – 4 185 – 112 6
2 (others)		 0
22nd (S) March 18, 1955 – 89 – 67 11 – 185 – 114 1 0
23rd (E) November 22, 1955 – – 154 – 8 – – 299 – 3 3
24th December 20, 1955 – – 154 – 8 – – 299 – 3 3
25th (E) November 12, 1956 – – 153 – 8 – – 297 – 2 7
26th December 10, 1956 – – 151 – 8 – – 299 – 2 7
27th (E) November 1, 1957 – – 157 – 3 – – 294 – – 13
28th December 20, 1957 – – 157 – 3 – – 293 – 1 13
28th election period
Diet/
general
election		 Date JCP JSP Small Party Club Democratic Socialist Club (34th)
Democratic Socialist Party (35th–) 		LDP Ind. Vac.
1958 May 22, 1958 2 158 – – 290 2 14
1 166 – – 287 12
1 (others)		 0
29th (S) June 10, 1958 – 167 2 – 298 – 0
30th (E) September 29, 1958 – 167 – – 298 1 1
31st December 10, 1958 – 166 – – 296 2 3
32nd (E) June 22, 1959 – 165 – – 291 3 8
33rd (E) October 26, 1959 – 144 21 – 288 3 11
34th December 29, 1959 – 130 – 35 288 3 11
35th (E) July 18, 1960 – 123 – 40 286 3 15
36th (E) October 17, 1960 – 122 – 40 283 3 19


House of Councillors

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Councillors

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Parliamentary groups

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Source: House of Councillors library: Parliamentary group strengths (1st to 192nd Diet) (also see Parliamentary groups flowchart (pdf version))

Seat numbers fro ruling parties are in bold (not including cooperation partners outside the cabinet). Note: The Ryokufūkai, though not always formally involved in coalition negotiations or included in the cabinet, was willing to cooperate with both the Socialist/Democratic as well as the Liberal governments, sometimes requiring negotiation on individual pieces of legislation. The Democratic Party split over the formation of the 3rd Yoshida Cabinet (January 1949–): While some Democrats entered the coalition, others were opposed to the Yoshida government. Yet, both parties are in bold in the first election period. Not in bold is the joint NLC/SDF parliamentary group during the 2nd Nakasone Cabinet as only the New Liberal Club was part of the ruling coalition (and was only needed in the HR for a majority).

Diet sessions:

  • regular session (nowadays usually opened in January, 150 days)
  • (E) extraordinary session (usually called in late summer or autumn)
  • (S) special session (after an early HR general election to elect HR president & vice president and the prime minister)
  • emergency sessions (緊急集会, kinkyū shūkai) of the HC are called in urgent situations when the HR is dissolved and the Diet cannot be convened (called twice in history: in 1952 to select members of the central election commission and in 1953 to pass a provisional budget and revisions to electoral laws)
1st election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1947)
Diet Opening date Japanese Communist Party Japanese Socialist Party Independent Gathering Shinsei Club Ryokufūkai Democratic Party Shinsei Club (1st Diet)
Japanese Liberal Party (2nd Diet)
Democratic Liberal Party (3rd – 7th Diet) 		Independents Vacant
1st (S) May 20, 1947 4 47 20 – 92 42 44 1 0
2nd December 10, 1947 4 46 14 – 90 44 43 3 6
3rd (E) October 11, 1948 4 41 19 7 77 45 46 5 6
4th December 1, 1948 4 40 19 7 77 44 48 5 6
5th (S) February 11, 1949 5 40 18 7 77 44 48 5 6
6th (E) October 25, 1949 6 42 16 7 75 42 52 3 7
7th December 4, 1949 6 41 15 7 74 42 52 3 10
2nd election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1950)
Diet Opened JCP Left JSP
(4th caucus room) 		JSP Right JSP
(2nd caucus room) 		Workers and Farmers Party First Club Ryokufūkai Progressive Party People's Democratic Party Democratic Club Liberal Party Ind. Vac.
8th (E) July 12, 1950 4 – 62 – 5 14 57 – 30 – 77 1 0
9th (E) November 21, 1950 4 – 62 – 5 14 56 – 29 – 76 2 2
10th December 10, 1950 4 – 62 – 5 14 56 – 29 – 75 3 2
11th (E) August 16, 1951 4 – 61 – 5 14 54 – 28 – 81 1 2
12th (E) October 10, 1951 3 – 61 – 5 14 54 – 28 – 80 1 4
13th December 10, 1951 3 31 – 30 5 14 54 – 28 – 80 2 3
14th August 26, 1952 3 32 – 30 4 7 57 16 – 16 81 1 3
(emergency session) August 31, 1952 3 32 – 30 4 7 57 16 – 16 81 1 3
15th (S) October 24, 1952 3 31 – 31 4 5 57 16 – 16 80 1 6
(emergency session) March 18, 1953 3 32 – 30 4 5 55 16 – 9 89 1 6
3rd election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1953)
Diet Opened Left JSP
(4th caucus room) 		JSP Right JSP
(2nd caucus room) 		Independent Club 17th caucus room Ryokufūkai PP Pure Independent Club (Hatoyama) LP
(3rd caucus room)
Japanese Democratic Party 		Liberal Democratic Party [Yoshida] LP Ind. Vac.
16th (S) May 18, 1953 43 – 26 10 – 48 16 7 – – 95 5 0
17th (E) October 29, 1953 43 – 26 11 – 48 17 7 – – 93 5 0
18th (E) November 30, 1953 43 – 26 9 – 49 17 7 – – 95 4 0
19th December 10, 1953 43 – 26 10 – 49 17 7 – – 94 3 1
20th (E) November 30, 1954 44 – 26 11 – 49 – 3 20 – 91 4 2
21st December 10, 1954 44 – 26 11 – 48 – 2 20 – 92 5 2
22nd (S) March 18, 1955 44 – 25 10 4 48 – – 23 – 90 1 5
23rd (E) November 22, 1955 – 68 – 9 4 47 – – – 118 – – 4
24th December 20, 1955 – 68 – 8 4 45 – – – 120 – – 5
4th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1956)
Diet Opened JCP JSP Ind. Cl. 17th caucus Ryokufūkai LDP Ind. Vac.
25th (E) November 12, 1956 2 81 8 4 29 124 – 2
26th December 10, 1956 2 81 8 3 29 126 – 1
27th (E) November 1, 1957 2 80 8 3 27 129 – 1
28th December 20, 1957 2 80 8 3 27 128 – 2
29th (S) June 10, 1958 2 78 9 3 27 127 – 4
30th (E) September 29, 1958 2 78 9 3 25 131 – 2
31st December 10, 1958 2 78 11 3 24 129 – 3
5th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1959)
Diet Opened JCP JSP Socialist Club (33rd Diet)
Democratic Socialist Club (34th Diet)
Democratic Socialist Party (35th Diet –) 		Ind. Cl. 17th caucus Ryokufūkai (32nd to 34th Diet)
H.C. Dōshikai (35th Diet –) 		LDP Ind. Vac.
32nd (E) June 22, 1959 3 84 – 14 2 11 135 – 1
33rd (E) October 26, 1959 3 72 12 14 2 10 137 – 0
34th December 29, 1959 3 70 14 14 – 10 136 1 2
35th (E) July 18, 1960 3 67 17 14 – 11 135 – 3
36th (E) October 17, 1960 3 67 17 14 – 11 135 – 3
37th (S) December 5, 1960 3 67 16 14 – 11 135 – 4
38th December 26, 1960 3 67 16 14 – 11 135 – 4
39th (E) September 25, 1961 3 66 16 13 – 11 136 – 5
40th December 9, 1961 3 65 16 12 – 11 136 – 7
6th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1962)
Diet Opened JCP JSP DSP Justice Assembly (41st to 47th)
Justice Party (48th) 		Second Chamber Club Ryokufūkai LDP Ind. Vac.
41st (E) August 4, 1962 4 66 11 15 11 – 143 – 0
42nd (E) December 8, 1962 4 66 11 15 12 – 142 – 0
43rd December 24, 1962 4 66 11 15 12 – 141 – 1
44th (E) October 15, 1963 4 66 11 15 11 – 141 – 2
45th (S) December 4, 1963 4 66 10 15 11 – 142 – 2
46th December 20, 1963 4 66 10 15 11 – 143 – 1
47th (E) November 9, 1964 3 65 10 15 3 4 145 2 3
48th December 21, 1964 3 66 10 14 3 4 145 2 3
7th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1965)
Diet Opened JCP JSP DSP JP 2nd Ch. Cl. LDP Ind. Vac.
49th (E) July 22, 1965 4 73 7 20 4 141 1 0
50th (E) October 5, 1965 4 74 7 20 4 138 3 0
51st December 20, 1965 4 74 7 20 4 138 2 1
52nd (E) July 11, 1966 4 74 7 20 4 140 1 0
53rd (E) November 30, 1966 4 73 7 20 4 140 1 1
54th December 27, 1966 4 73 7 20 4 140 1 1
55th (S) February 15, 1967 4 73 6 20 4 141 1 1
56th (E) July 27, 1967 4 73 6 20 4 139 2 2
57th (E) December 4, 1967 4 74 6 20 3 139 2 2
58th December 27, 1967 4 74 6 20 3 139 2 2
8th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1968)
59th (E) August 1, 1968 7 65 10 24 4 137 3 0
60th (E) December 10, 1968 7 64 10 24 4 136 4 1
61st December 27, 1968 7 64 10 24 4 136 4 1
62nd (E) November 29, 1969 7 64 10 24 4 138 1 2
63rd (S) January 14, 1970 7 63 10 24 4 138 1 3
64th (E) November 24, 1970 7 63 9 24 5 139 1 4
65th December 26, 1970 7 63 9 24 5 137 1 6
9th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1971)
66th (E) July 14, 1971 10 65 13 23 3 137 1 0
67th (E) October 16, 1971 10 65 13 23 4 134 3 0
68th December 29, 1971 10 65 13 23 4 133 3 1
69th (E) July 6, 1972 10 65 13 23 4 134 3 0
70th (E) October 27, 1972 10 64 13 23 4 134 3 1
71st (S) December 22, 1972 10 62 12 23 4 136 2 3
72nd December 1, 1973 11 60 11 23 4 135 2 6
10th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1974)
73rd (E) July 24, 1974 20 62 10 24 4 127 5 0
74th (E) December 9, 1974 20 62 10 24 4 127 4 1
75th December 27, 1974 20 62 10 24 4 128 4 0
76th (E) September 11, 1975 20 62 10 24 5 129 1 1
77th December 27, 1975 20 62 10 24 5 130 1 0
78th (E) September 16, 1976 20 62 10 24 4 126 4 2
79th (E) December 24, 1976 20 62 10 24 4 126 5 1
80th December 30, 1976 20 62 10 24 4 127 4 1
11th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1977)
Diet Opened JCP JSP DSP JP 2nd Ch. Cl. Independent Club (82nd–84th)
Social Democratic Federation (85th–90th)
Sangiin Club (91st) 		H.C. Independent Club New Liberal Club LDP/Liberal People's Congress Ind. Vac.
81st (E) July 27, 1977 16 56 11 28 5 – – 5 125 3 3
82nd (E) September 29, 1977 16 55 11 28 5 – – 5 125 5 2
83rd (E) December 7, 1977 16 53 11 28 5 4 – 5 125 3 2
84th December 19, 1977 16 53 11 28 5 4 – 5 125 3 2
85th (E) September 18, 1978 16 53 11 28 5 3 – 5 125 4 2
86th (E) December 6, 1978 16 53 11 28 5 3 – 5 125 4 2
87th December 22, 1978 16 53 11 28 5 3 – 5 125 4 2
88th (E) August 30, 1979 16 53 11 28 5 3 – 4 125 5 2
89th (S) October 30, 1979 16 52 10 28 5 3 – 4 124 5 5
90th (E) November 26, 1979 16 52 10 28 5 3 3 3 124 3 5
91st December 21, 1979 16 52 10 28 5 6 – 3 124 3 5
12th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1980)
Diet Opened JCP JSP DSP/People's Federation JP/People's Congress 2nd Ch. Cl. (92nd–97th)
Nonpartisan Club (98th) 		Assembly of One Shinsei Club
(=NLC/SDF) 		LDP/LPC Ind. Vac.
92nd (S) July 17, 1980 12 47 12 27 4 – 7 136 6 1
93rd (E) September 29, 1980 12 47 11 27 4 – 7 136 6 2
94th December 22, 1980 12 47 11 27 4 – 7 135 6 3
95th (E) September 24, 1981 12 47 11 27 3 3 7 135 3 4
96th December 21, 1981 12 47 11 27 3 3 7 135 3 4
97th (E) November 26, 1982 12 47 11 27 2 3 7 134 3 6
98th December 28, 1982 12 46 11 27 7 – 5 135 3 6
13th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1983)
Diet Opened JCP JSP DSP/PF JP/PC 2CC/Progressive Front H.C. Assembly (99th–103rd)
New Salaryman Party (104th–) 		NLC/SDF (99th)
Shinsei Club (100th–) 		LDP/LPC Ind. Vac.
99th (E) July 18, 1983 14 43 13 27 – 10 4 136 2 3
100th (E) September 8, 1983 14 43 13 27 – 10 4 136 2 3
101st (S) December 26, 1983 14 43 13 27 – 8 4 136 4 3
102nd December 1, 1984 14 43 13 27 3 4 3 138 4 3
103rd (E) October 14, 1985 14 42 13 27 3 3 3 138 4 5
104th December 24, 1985 14 42 14 27 3 2 3 139 4 4
105th June 2, 1986 14 42 14 27 3 2 3 138 4 5
14th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1986)
Diet Opened JCP JSP
JSP/Coop. to protect the constitution (108th–) 		DSP/PF JP/PC 2CC/Progressive Front Salaryman
Salaryman/H.C. Ass. (109th–) 		Shinsei Cl.
Shinsei Cl./Tax Party (113th–) 		LDP/LPC
LDP (107th–) 		Ind. Vac.
106th (S) July 22, 1986 16 40 12 25 3 3 4 143 5 1
107th (E) September 11, 1986 16 40 12 25 3 3 4 144 5 0
108th December 29, 1986 16 41 12 25 3 3 4 144 4 0
109th (E) July 6, 1987 16 42 12 24 3 3 4 142 4 2
110th (E) November 6, 1987 16 42 12 24 3 3 4 144 4 0
111th (E) November 27, 1987 16 42 12 24 3 3 4 143 4 1
112th December 28, 1987 16 42 12 24 3 3 4 143 4 1
113th (E) July 19, 1988 17 42 12 23 3 3 4 144 4 0
114th December 30, 1988 17 42 12 23 3 3 4 143 4 1
15th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1989)
Diet Opened JCP JSP/C.p.c. DSP/Sports/PF JP/PC Rengō Sangiin H.C. Club Tax Party Peace Ass. LDP Ind. Vac.
115th (E) August 7, 1989 14 72 10 21 12 5 4 109 5 0
116th (E) September 28, 1989 14 72 10 21 12 5 4 108 5 1
117th December 25, 1989 14 73 10 21 12 5 4 109 4 0
118th (S) February 27, 1990 14 73 10 21 12 4 3 109 5 1
119th (E) October 12, 1990 14 73 10 20 12 4 – 113 5 1
120th December 10, 1990 14 73 10 20 12 4 – 113 5 1
121st (E) August 5, 1991 14 73 10 20 12 4 – 115 4 0
122nd (E) November 5, 1991 14 73 10 20 12 4 – 115 4 0
123rd January 24, 1992 14 73 10 20 11 4 – 114 4 2
16th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1992)
Diet Opened JCP JSP/C.p.c. DSP/Sports/PF JP/PC Liberals for prot. the const. Rengō 2CC Democratic Reform League JNP JRP New Ryokufūkai Heiseikai
(≈NFP/Justice/Ryokufū) 		LDP Ind. Vac.
124th (E) August 7, 1992 11 73 12 24 – 11 5 – 4 – – – 106 6 0
125th (E) October 30, 1992 11 73 11 24 – 11 5 – 4 – – – 106 7 0
126th January 22, 1993 11 73 11 24 – – 5 11 4 – – – 106 7 0
127th (S) August 5, 1993 11 73 11 24 – – 5 11 4 8 – – 99 6 0
128th (E) September 17, 1993 11 73 11 24 – – 5 15 8 – – 99 6 0
129th January 31, 1994 11 73 11 24 – – 5 26 – – 96 6 0
130th (E) July 18, 1994 11 68 – 24 – – 5 – 38 – 95 6 0
131st (E) September 30, 1994 11 68 – 24 – – 5 – 39 – 95 5 0
132nd January 20, 1995 11 66 – – 5 – 5 – 15 47 95 8 0
17th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1995)
Diet Opened JCP NSP / Peace League JSP / C.p.c. SDP / L.p.c. Heishinkai (135th)
Liberal League (136th–137th) 		H.C. Forum (–137th)
Ind. Cl. (138th–139th)
Lib. Ass. (140th–) 		2CC Democratic Party / Citizen's League (138th)
Democratic Party / New Ryokufūkai (139th–141st)
ProDemFed (142nd) 		Peace – Citizens NPH New Ryokufūkai Sun Party Heiseikai
(≈NFP) 		LP Ref. Cl. Justice LDP/LPC Ind. Vac.
133rd (E) August 4, 1995 14 – 39 – – – 4 – 2 3 5 – 68 – – – 111 6 0
134th (E) September 29, 1995 14 – 39 – – 5 4 – – 3 5 – 68 – – – 111 3 0
135th (E) January 11, 1996 14 – 39 – 2 4 4 – – 3 5 – 68 – – – 111 2 0
136th January 22, 1996 14 3 – 36 2 4 4 – – 3 5 – 68 – – – 111 2 0
137th (E) September 27, 1996 14 3 – 36 2 3 4 – – 4 5 – 68 – – – 109 3 1
138th (S) November 7, 1996 14 3 – 33 – 4 4 5 – 3 5 – 68 – – – 110 2 1
139th (E) November 29, 1996 14 3 – 29 – 4 4 14 – 3 – – 65 – – – 111 5 0
140th January 20, 1997 14 3 – 22 – 4 4 22 – 3 – 3 61 – – – 112 4 0
141st (E) September 29, 1997 14 3 – 21 – 4 4 23 – 3 – 3 59 – 3 – 112 6 0
142nd January 12, 1998 14 3 – 21 – – 4 41 – 3 – – – 12 3 25 119 7 0
18th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1998)
Diet Opened JCP SDP/L.p.c. 2CC/LL Democratic Party/New Ryokufūkai NPH
H.C. Ass. (144th–147th) 		Reform Cl.
H.C. Ass. (144th–147th)
H.C. Club (148th)
Ind. Ass. (149th–) 		LP Justice (143rd)
Justice Party (144th–146th, 149th–)
JP/Reform Cl. (147th–148th) 		LDP/LPC
LDP/Conservative Party (148th–) 		Ind. Vac.
143rd (E) October 30, 1998 23 14 4 54 3 3 12 24 105 10 0
144th (E) November 27, 1998 23 14 4 55 11 12 24 104 5 0
145th January 19, 1999 23 14 4 55 11 12 24 104 5 0
146th (E) October 29, 1999 23 13 4 56 10 12 24 105 5 0
147th January 20, 2000 23 13 4 57 8 12 24 107 4 0
148th (S) July 4, 2000 23 13 4 58 7 5 24 112 5 1
149th (E) July 28, 2000 23 13 4 58 7 5 24 112 5 1
150th (E) September 21, 2000 23 13 4 58 7 5 24 112 5 1
151st January 31, 2001 23 13 4 58 7 5 24 112 5 1
19th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 2001)
Diet Opened JCP SDP/L.p.c. DP/SR Ind. Ass. LP Green Conference JP LDP/CP
LDP/NCP (156th–157th)
LDP (158th–) 		Ind. Vac.
152nd (E) August 7, 2001 20 8 60 6 8 – 24 116 5 0
153rd (E) August 7, 2001 20 8 60 6 8 – 24 115 5 1
154th January 21, 2002 20 7 60 15 – 24 116 4 1
155th (E) October 18, 2002 20 6 60 15 – 24 113 6 3
156th January 20, 2003 20 5 60 14 – 24 115 8 1
157th (E) September 26, 2003 20 6 69 6 – 2 23 116 4 1
158th (S) November 19, 2003 20 6 69 6 – 2 23 115 4 2
159th January 19, 2004 20 5 71 4 – 2 23 116 4 2
20th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 2004)
Diet Opened JCP SDP/L.p.c. DP/SR PNP/NPN JP LDP Ind. Vac.
160th (E) July 30, 2004 9 5 83 – 24 114 7 0
161st (E) October 12, 2004 9 5 84 – 24 114 6 0
162nd January 21, 2005 9 6 84 – 24 114 5 0
163rd (S) September 21, 2005 9 6 82 3 24 112 5 1
164th January 20, 2006 9 6 83 4 24 112 4 0
165th (E) September 26, 2006 9 6 83 5 24 111 4 0
166th January 25, 2007 9 6 82 4 24 111 4 2
21st election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 2007)
Diet Opened JCP SDP/L.p.c. DP/SR
DP/SR/NPN (168th)
DP/SR/PNP/NPN (169th–) 		PNP Reform Club JP LDP
LDP/Independent Assembly (168th–169th)
LDP/Reform Club (172nd) 		Ind. Vac.
167th (E) August 7, 2007 7 5 112 4 – 20 84 10
168th (E) September 10, 2007 7 5 115 4 – 21 84 6
169th January 18, 2008 7 5 120 – – 21 84 5
170th (E) September 24, 2008 7 5 118 – 4 21 83 4
171st January 5, 2009 7 5 118 – 4 21 82 5
172nd (S) September 16, 2009 7 5 118 – – 21 85 4
173rd (E) October 2, 2009 7 5 118 – – 21 85 4
174th January 18, 2010 7 5 120 – – 21 82 7
22nd election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 2010)
Diet Opened JCP SDP/L.p.c. GW People's Life First (181st)
Japanese Future Party (182nd)
Party of [Everyday] Life (183rd) 		DP/SR NPD – True Dems (181st)
NPD (182nd) 		PNP Everybody's Party New Reform Party Japan Reformation/Restoration Ass. Rise up, Japan/New Reform Party JP LDP (–177th)
LDP/Ind. Ass. (178th–179th)
LDP/Rise up, Japan/Ind. Ass. (180th)
LDP/Ind. Ass. (181st–) 		Ind. Vac.
175th (E) July 30, 2010 6 4 – – 106 – 3 11 – – 5 19 83 5 0
176th (E) October 1, 2010 6 4 – – 106 – 3 11 – – 5 19 83 5 0
177th January 24, 2011 6 4 – – 106 – 3 11 – – 5 19 83 5 0
177th January 24, 2011 6 4 – – 106 – 3 11 – – 5 19 83 5 0
178th (E) September 13, 2011 6 4 – – 106 – 3 11 – – 5 19 82 6 0
179th (E) October 20, 2011 6 4 – – 106 – 3 11 – – 5 19 83 5 0
180th January 24, 2012 6 4 – – 106 – 4 11 2 – – 19 86 4 0
181st (E) October 29, 2012 6 4 4 12 90 2 4 11 2 – – 19 87 5 0
182nd (S) December 26, 2012 6 4 4 8 87 2 3 11 2 3 – 19 83 4 6
183rd January 28, 2013 6 4 5 8 87 – 2 12 2 3 – 19 83 5 6
23rd election period
Diet Opened JCP SDP/L.p.c. PL (184th–188th)
PL & Yamamoto Tarō & Friends (189th–) 		DP/SR Everybody's Party (184th–187th)
Assembly to Energize Japan (188th)
AEJ/Ind. Ass. (189th–) 		Independent Club (188th–) NRP/Ind. Ass. JRA (184th–186th)
Ref./Rest. Party (187th–) 		Osaka Ref./Rest. Ass. Party for Future Generations (187th–189th)
Party that Cares for Japan's Heart (190th) 		JP LDP Ind. Vac.
184th (E) August 2, 2013 11 3 2 58 18 – 3 9 – – 20 113 4 1
185th (E) October 15, 2013 11 3 2 58 18 – 3 9 – – 20 114 4 0
186th January 24, 2014 11 3 2 58 18 – 3 9 – – 20 114 4 0
187th (E) September 29, 2014 11 3 2 58 12 – 3 11 – 4 20 114 4 0
188th (S) December 24, 2014 11 3 2 58 6 4 2 11 – 7 20 114 4 0
189th January 26, 2015 11 3 3 58 7 4 2 11 – 6 20 114 3 0
190th January 4, 2016 11 3 3 59 6 3 2 5 7 4 20 114 5 0
24th election period
Diet Opened JCP Wind of Okinawa Assembly of Hope (Life・SocDem) (191st–192nd)
Assembly of Hope (Lib・SocDem) (193rd–) 		Dem. Progr. Party/SR Ind. Cl. ORA (191st)
JRA (192nd–) 		Party that Cares for Japan's Heart (191st)
Japan's Heart (192nd–) 		JP LDP Ind. Vac.
191st (E) August 1, 2016 14 2 5 50 5 12 3 25 122 4 0
192nd (E) September 26, 2016 14 2 5 50 4 12 3 25 122 5 0

By-elections

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House of Peers

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Control of both houses since 1955

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A visual draft for a more sophisticated, but not yet comprehensive version of this is now at de:Benutzer:Asakura Akira/Projekt Kokkai#Regierungskoalitionen und parlamentarische Mehrheitsverhältnisse as a collapsible collapsed table showing parliamentary majorities for each individual government.

Years Government
(Ruling party/coalition)		 Rep. Coun. Change triggered by
1955–1983 54th to 71st Cabinet
all (LDP)		 Government Government "Conservative merger" (hoshu gōdō) of LP and DPJ establishes LDP
Rep. note: technical minority/de-facto control with independents in late 1970s
Coun. note: technical minority/de-facto control with Ryokufūkai/independents in 1950s
1983–1986 Nakasone II
(LDP, NLC)		 Government Government 1983 Rep. election, LDP loses numerical majority again and enters coalition with the New Liberal Club
1986–1989 Nakasone III, Takeshita, Uno
(LDP)		 Government Government 1986 Rep. & Coun. double elections result in resounding LDP victory, coalition ends
1989–1993 Uno (resigned), Kaifu I & II, Miyazawa
(LDP)		 Government Opposition 1989 Coun. election
Coun. note: The opposition parties lose their initial unity, leading to de-facto government control in many situations, especially after the LDP defends its majority in the 1990 Rep. election
1993–1994 Hosokawa
(JSP, JRP, Kōmeitō, DSP, JNP, NPH, SDF, DRL)		 Government Government Mass defections from the LDP (Ozawa/Hata→JRP, Takemura e.a.→NPH), no-confidence vote against the cabinet, 1993 Rep. election
Apr.–Jun. 1994 Hata (minority government)
(JRP, Kōmeitō, DSP, JNP, SDF, LP, RA, DRL)		 Opposition Opposition JSP and NPH leave ruling coalition during cabinet formation
1994–1996 Murayama, Hashimoto I
(LDP, JSP→SDP, NPH)		 Government Government LDP and JSP agree on "grand" coalition
(1994–96: dozens of Diet members defect JSP/SDP during its participation in LDP government)
(January 1996: JSP is renamed to SDP, New Socialist Party breaks away on the left)
1996–1998 Hashimoto II
(LDP)		 Government
(see note)		 Opposition
(see note)		 1996 Rep. election, SDP and NPH end coalition, but remain extra-cabinet cooperation partners
Cabinet note: technically minority government at formation, de-facto control of both houses due to extra-cabinet cooperation and independents
Rep. note: Several defectors return to the LDP, Ozawa's NFP finally dissolves in December 1997, by Jan. 1998 (142nd Diet) LDP at 259 seats has regained clear majority
Coun. note: Several defectors return to the LDP, Ozawa's NFP finally dissolves in December 1997, by Jan. 1998 (142nd Diet) LDP at 118 seats is only few seats short of numerical majority
1998–1999 Hashimoto II (resigned), Obuchi
(LDP)		 Government Opposition 1998 Coun. election
Jan.–Oct. 1999 Obuchi (1st reshuffle)
(LDP, LP)		 Government Opposition
(see note)		 Ozawa's Liberal Party enters coalition
Coun. note: Coalition at 116 seats short of majority by only few seats
1999–2000 Obuchi (2nd reshuffle)
(LDP, Kōmeitō, LP)		 Government Government Kōmeitō joins coalition
2000–2003 Mori I & II, Koizumi I
(LDP, Kōmeitō, [N]CP)		 Government Government LP splits over Ozawa's decision to leave coalition, defectors form Conservative Party (from 2002: New Conservative Party)
2003–2005 Koizumi II
(LDP, Kōmeitō)		 Government Government A few weeks after 2003 Rep. election, NCP merges into LDP
2005–2007 Koizumi III, Abe I
(LDP, Kōmeitō)		 Government
(two-thirds majority)		 Government 2005 Rep. election
2007–2009 Abe I (reshuffled, resigned), Fukuda, Asō
(LDP, Kōmeitō)		 Government
(two-thirds majority)		 Opposition 2007 Coun. election
2009–2010 Hatoyama
(DPJ, SDP, PNP)		 Government
(two-thirds majority)		 Government 2009 Rep. election
Rep. note: By late spring 2010, the government majority was below the two-thirds threshold
Coun. note: In late spring 2010, the DPJ parliamentary group reached a majority of its own.
Jun.–Jul. 2010 Kan
(DPJ, PNP)		 Government Government SDP leaves coalition
2010–2012 Kan, Noda
(DPJ, PNP)		 Government Opposition 2010 Coun. election
2012–2013 Abe II
(LDP, Kōmeitō)		 Government
(two-thirds majority)		 Opposition 2012 Rep. election
2013–2021 Abe II & III & IV, Suga, Kishida I
(LDP, Kōmeitō)		 Government
(two-thirds majority)		 Government 2013 Coun. election
Cabinet note: Between the 2016 and 2019 elections, the LDP did control bicameral majorities on its own, but the coalition government continued without change.
Rep. note: In 2021, the government already broke the two-thirds threshold before the election temporarily through resignations/membership changes.
2021–2024 Kishida II, Ishiba I]
(LDP, Kōmeitō)		 Government Government 2021 Rep. election
since 2024 Ishiba II
(LDP, Kōmeitō)		 Opposition
(see note)		 Government 2024 Rep. election
Cabinet/Rep. note: technically minority government; but: case-by-case "extra-cabinet cooperation" with DPFP and (?) Ishin

Thresholds (incomplete WIP)

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Parliamentary thresholds

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Notes (###have yet to go through the list and re-check all entries###):

  • Unless specified otherwise, majority refers to the majority of those present and casting valid votes.
  • The actual threshold for some initiatives is initiator+specified number of members.
  • Re-verify the "absolutely stable majority" for the H.C. with 248 seats, took the value from ja:安定多数 for now, as I couldn't find a post-enlargement ref, but 152 definitely seems to be too high/a glitch on our part <AA>
Thresholds for various Diet procedures
Measure Lower house Upper House
Form a parliamentary group/caucus (kaiha) 2 members 2 members[1]
Participate in the party leaders debate in the joint session of the Fundamental National Policy Committees of both houses 10 members 10 members
Propose censure motion against a member of the cabinet n/a 10 members
Initiate PMBs (excluding budget-related measures)[2] 20 members 10 members
Propose to end debate on a motion or question 20 members[3] 20 members[4]
Propose disciplinary motion against a member[5] 40 members 20 members
Initiate budget-related PMBs[6], propose budget amendment[7] 50 members 20 members
Initiate motion related to vote of confidence/no confidence against the cabinet[8] 50 members n/a
Initiate proposal to amend the constitution[9] 100 members 50 members
Censure a member of the cabinet n/a majority
Designate prime minister, pass budget, ratify treaties[10]
Vote of no confidence against the cabinet[11]		 majority (lower house supremacy)
Legislation[12] majorities in both houses of the Diet
or
two-thirds majority (lower house supremacy)
control chairpersons, half of membership of all committees (="Safe majority", antei tasū)[13] currently 244 members currently 131 members
control majority in all committees ("absolutely safe majority"; zettai antei tasū)[13] currently 261 members currently 140 members
Diet approval of various administrative appointments by the cabinet[14]
(for example: Bank of Japan board members, Food Safety Commission members)		 majorities in both houses of the Diet
Hold secret session[15]
Expel a member[16]		 two-thirds majority two-thirds majority
Submit a proposed amendment to the constitution to popular referendum two-thirds majorities in both houses of the Diet
Thresholds related to political parties
Political party status under various laws related to elections, campaign finance
(allows for example: dual candidacies for the lower house, corporate donations, TV campaign ad allotments)		 5 members of the Diet
or
1 member and at least 2% of the vote nationwide
in either segment (direct election/proportional representation)
of a recent national election (last lower house or one of the last two upper house elections)
Annual party funding by the state
excluding the half distributed according to election results
(so, unless the 2×3 current election results and current composition of the Diet by party are totally unrelated, in total: very roughly twice this amount)
not accounting for the share increase due to parties refusing state funding and to members not part of a group with party status
Raw unmodified share (1/722=0.14%) based on 2014 total[17] (i.e. 2010 census population of 128 million) and the then current Diet membership of 722 		22.17 million Yen per member of the Diet
  1. ^ House of Councillors: 参議院のあらまし>国会キーワード>会派
  2. ^ Diet Law, Article 56
  3. ^ Rules of the House of Representatives, Articles 140, 141
  4. ^ Rules of the House of Councillors, Articles 111, 120
  5. ^ Diet Law, Article 121
  6. ^ Diet Law, Article 56
  7. ^ Diet Law, Article 57
  8. ^ Rules of the House of Representatives, Article 28
  9. ^ Diet Law, Article 68
  10. ^ Constitution, Articles 60, 61, 67
  11. ^ Constitution, Article 69
  12. ^ Constitution, Article 59
  13. ^ a b Allocation rules [written down? where exactly?] for Diet law, article 46
  14. ^ under various laws [if it came to it, a two-thirds majority in the lower house could change the nomination rules in the law and ensure a nominiation against a majority of the upper house; but such a "nuclear option" approach would be certain to estrange consensus-loving voters; on the other hand, using an upper house majority repeatedly (as with the repeated rejection of the cabinet nominees for BoJ governor in 2008) to cause gridlock may do the same]
  15. ^ Constitution, article 57
  16. ^ Constitution, article 58
  17. ^ Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication: 平成２６年分政党交付金の交付決定 – After accounting for non-party members and the JCP refusal of state funding, the actual amount allocated to the parties per member in 2014 was 23.27 million Yen (0.15% of the total) per member plus the amount distributed according to election results.
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(Not effective thresholds arising from electoral systems. For those, see Threshold of inclusion, Threshold of exclusion and/or individual articles on relevant electoral systems (FPTP, SNTV, d'Hondt-PR).)

[edit]

If a candidate wins in terms of the electoral system, but fails the threshold, a repeat election must be held for the seat/office.

Election/tier Eligibility threshold
H.R./FPTP 16.7% (more precisely 1÷6)
H.R./PR 0
[H.R., SNTV-era 1947–1993] 25% ÷ district magnitude
H.C./SNTV 16.7% ÷ district magnitude
H.C./PR 0
pref. governor 25%
pref. assembly 25% ÷ district magnitude
munic. mayor 25%
munic. assembly 25% ÷ district magnitude

Deposits (供託金, kyōtakukin)

[edit]
Election/tier Deposit Return threshold Notes
H.R./FPTP ¥ 3,000,000 10% also the threshold for dual candidates to qualify for the PR election
H.R./PR list deposit = # of dual candidates × ¥ 3,000,000 + # of PR-only candidates × ¥ 6,000,000 n/a the returned sum for a list deposit is # of FPTP-elected dual candidates × ¥ 3,000,000 + number of PR-elected candidates × 2 × ¥ 6,000,000, up to the full deposit
H.C./SNTV ¥ 3,000,000 12.5% ÷ district magnitude
H.C./PR list deposit = # of candidates × ¥ 6,000,000 n/a the returned sum for a list deposit is number of elected candidates × 2 × ¥ 6,000,000, up to the full deposit
pref. governor ¥ 3,000,000 10%
munic. mayor ¥ 2,400,000 in designated major cities
¥ 1,000,000 in other cities and special wards
¥ 500,000 in towns and villages		 10 %
pref. assembly ¥ 600,000 10% ÷ district magnitude
munic. assembly ¥ 500,000 in designated major cities
¥ 300,000 in other cities and special wards
¥ 150,000 in towns and villages		 10 % ÷ district magnitude

Appendix D: Parliamentary/elections dictionary (incomplete WIP)

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Japanese Contemporaneous script
for historical terms		 English
帝国議会 (teikoku gikai) 帝國議會 Imperial Diet: Japan's parliament (=legislature together with the Emperor) between 1890 and 1947, consisting of two houses equal in legislative power, one mainly appointed/heredetary, one elected
国会 (Kokkai) 國會 1. National Diet (or more literally "National Assembly", compare how you translate 國會 from Korean and from Vietnamese): an elected parliament as demanded by the Freedom and People's Rights Movement from the government in the 19th century
2. National Diet/Assembly: an informal term used for the Imperial Diet
– 3. National Diet: Japan's parliament (="highest organ of state power", sole legislator) since 1947, consisting of two directly elected houses, unequal in legislative power (but less unequal than, for example, in the UK; cf. #Parliamentary thresholds)
貴族院 (Kizokuin) House of Peers (or more literally "house of the esteemed [=noble] families"): upper house of the Imperial Diet
衆議院 (Shūgiin) House of Representatives (or more literally ~"House of deliberations of the masses"/"House of commoners' debate", hard to translate smoothly, see wiktionary:衆 and en:wiktionary:議): the lower house of the Imperial Diet and of the National Diet
参議 (Sangi) 參議 Councillor/s: Imperial advisors in pre-constitutional Meiji Japan (see Dajōkan) and a position in the Chinese-modeled Imperial government of antiquity (see Ritsuryō and Daijōkan)
参議院 (Sangiin) – House of Councillors: the upper house of the National Diet
上院/下院 (jōin/kain) Upper/Lower house [of any bicameral parliament, rarely/only in technical definitions, international comparisons etc. of the Diet; e.g. US Senators are often simply referred to as [アメリカ合衆国]上院議員 ([America gasshūkoku] jōin giin, Members of the upper house [of the United States of America])]
議員 (giin)
帝国議会議員 (teikoku-gikai giin)
国会議員 (Kokkai giin)
貴族院議員 (Kizokuin giin)
衆議院議員 (Shūgiin giin)
参議院議員 (Sangiin giin)
都議会議員 (togikai giin)
道議会議員 (dōgikai giin)
府議会議員 (fugikai giin)
県議会議員 (kengikai giin)
市議会議員 (shigikai giin)
区議会議員 (kugikai giin)
町議会議員 (chōgikai giin)
村議会議員 (songikai giin)
府県会議員 (fu-/ken-kai giin)
市町村会議員 (shi-/chō-/son-kai giin)
郡会議員 (gunkai giin)
区会議員 (kukai giin) 		MP(s)
Member/s of the Imperial Diet
Member/s of the National Diet
Member/s of the House of Peers
Member/s of the House of Representatives
Member/s of the House of Councillors
Member of the [Tōkyō] prefectural/"Metropolitan"/to assembly
Member of the [Hokkai] prefectural/dō assembly
Member of the [Kyōto or Ōsaka] prefectural/fu assembly
Member of the prefectural/ken assembly
Member of the city/shi assembly
Member of the [special] ward/"City"/ku assembly
Member of the town/machi/chō assembly
Member of the village/mura/son assembly
(1878–1947) Member of the prefectural assembly
(1880– in towns, villages, neighbourhoods pre-municipal machi/chō/mura/son; as applying to muncipalities: 1889–1947) Member of the municipal assembly
(1890–1920s) Member of the district/gun assembly
(1880–1889, in some cities continued as ward assemblies) Member of the ku/urban district [city or ward, e.g. Hiroshima-ku=precursor to Hiroshima -shi/City; but Osaka City=created 1889 from 4 -ku] assembly
衆議院議員総選挙 (Shūgiin giin sō-senkyo) 衆議院議員總選擧 General election of members of the House of Representatives: lower house elections since 1890
[貴族院]伯子男爵議員互選選挙 ([Kizokuin] haku-shi-danshaku giin gosen senkyo) Mutual elections of members [of the House of Peers] among Counts, Viscounts and Barons: one of several partial upper house elections 1890–1947
[貴族院]多額納税者議員互選選挙 ([Kizokuin] tagaku nōzeisha giin gosen senkyo) Mutual election of members [of the House of Peers] among high taxpayers: one of several partial upper house elections 1890–1947
... ... Imperial Academy ... elections: one of several partial upper house elections 1890–1947
参議院議員通常選挙 (Sangiin giin tsūjō-senkyo) – Regular election of members of the House of Councillors: upper house elections since 1947
[貴族院/衆議院/参議院]議員補欠選挙|[Kizokuin/Shūgiin/Sangiin] giin hoketsu-senkyo By-election of (a) member/s [of the House of Peers/Representatives/Councillors]: Election to fill a vacancy
[貴族院/衆議院/参議院]議員再選挙|[Kizokuin/Shūgiin/Sangiin] giin sai-senkyo Repeat election of (a) member/s [of the House of Peers/Representatives/Councillors]: Election to fill an empty seat after the original election to that seat has become invalid (e.g. by missing the legal quorum or because of a retroactive conviction making the election winner retroactively ineligble)
衆議院解散 (Shūgiin kaisan) Dissolution of the House of Representatives: by the Emperor after cabinet decision (until 1947 and since 1952: at will; 1947–1952: only under article 69 of the constitution, i.e. after a vote of no confidence)
内閣総理大臣指名[選挙] (naikaku sōri-daijin shimei [senkyo]) Designation [election] of the prime (or more literally: "generally responsible") minister of the cabinet: Election of the PM by the National Diet in [if necessary: two-round] votes in both houses, in dissent decided by the House of Representatives
親任式 (shinninshiki) 1. Imperial Investiture Ceremony: Until 1947 the appointment of a member of the cabinet (including PM)/member of the privy council/general/admiral/colonial governor/1943–47 Tokyo governor/various other posts by the Emperor, usually after the appointee has been selected by the genrō/oligarchs/Army/Navy/SCAP/whoever held real power at the time; formally all ultimate legislative, executive, judiciary power with the Emperor, but rarely used
– 2. Imperial Investiture Ceremony: Since 1947 the inauguration ceremony of a PM as designated by parliament or a Supreme Court President as designated by the cabinet; zero room for deviation, zero reserve power, no crown-in-parliament or other such majestic complications
衆議院の優越 (Shūgiin no yūetsu) – Supremacy of the House of Representatives: in the National Diet over the House of Councillors in the election of a prime minister, the passage of a budget, the ratification of international treaties, and with two-thirds majority in an extended legislative procedure in legislation; since 1947 no single party has ever won a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, but several coalition governments have held one (see also: #Parliamentary thresholds & #Control of both houses since 1955); however, the legislative two-thirds HR override power was never used between 1951 (motor boat racing; overriding a rejection by the HC)/1957 (overriding HC amendments) and 2008 (OEF/NATO naval support mission), after that it has become more common (see Twisted Diet below)
ねじれ国会 (nejire Kokkai) – Twisted Diet: Divided parliament/Opposition control of the House of Councillors, meaning the government has no legislative majority unless it controls a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, and even then legislative proceedings may be dragged out very inconveniently (as with the interruption of Japan's support for Enduring Freedom with fuel/supply ships in the Indian Ocean for several months in 2007/08, or the unintended/lucky drop in petrol taxes for one month in 2008), and the Diet can block appointments by the cabinet that require parliamentary approval (as nominees for BoJ governor have been in 2008); so far, it hasn't amounted yet to the degree of gridlock and partisanship certain other countries with bicameral legislatures have experienced; but the degree to which it has and the degree to which it has increased since the 1990s (when the LDP negotiated with centrist/centre-left/right-of-JSP parts of the opposition during the twisted Diets of 1989–1993 to get important things done) is obviously in substantial part a matter of politics and POV.
(TBC)
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