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Coordinates: 40°45′52″N 73°58′24″W / 40.76444°N 73.97333°W / 40.76444; -73.97333
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  • Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)
  • ((("grand army plaza" or "g. a. r. plaza" or "the plaza" or "central park" "plaza" or "pulitzer" "plaza") and ("fifth" or "5th" or "central park") and ("58th" or "fifty-eighth" or "59th" or "fifty-ninth" or "60th" or "sixtieth")) or (("grand army plaza" or "g. a. r. plaza") and ("central park" or "manhattan" or "fifth avenue" or "fifth ave" or "fifth av" or "5th avenue" or "5th ave" or "5th av" or "58th" or "fifty-eighth" or "59th" or "fifty-ninth" or "60th" or "sixtieth")) or "fifth avenue plaza" or "fifth ave plaza" or "fifth av plaza") AND ("Manhattan" OR "New York") NOT ("other" "no title" OR "Classified Ad" OR "Display Ad" OR "Spare Times" OR "The Listings: Art" OR "events today")

This page is about the plaza in Manhattan, New York City. For the plaza in Brooklyn, New York City, see Grand Army Plaza.
Grand Army Plaza
William Tecumseh Sherman, northern side of plaza
Map
Map of notable buildings and structures at Central Park. Pan and zoom the map and click on points for more details.
This map:
NamesakeGrand Army of the Potomac
TypeSquare
LocationManhattan
Coordinates40°45′52″N 73°58′24″W / 40.76444°N 73.97333°W / 40.76444; -73.97333
Major
junctions		59th Street
North60th Street
EastFifth Avenue
South58th Street
WestGrand Army Plaza West
Construction
Commissioned1911
Construction start1915
Inauguration1916 (1916)
Other
DesignerCarrère and Hastings

Grand Army Plaza (formerly Fifth Avenue Plaza and Central Park Plaza) is a public square at the southeast corner of Central Park in Manhattan, New York City, near the intersection of Fifth Avenue and Central Park South (59th Street). It consists of two rectangular plots on the west side of Fifth Avenue between 58th and 60th streets. The current design of Grand Army Plaza dates to a 1916 reconstruction by the architecture firm of Carrère and Hastings. The plaza is designated as a New York City scenic landmark.

The plaza is bisected by 59th Street. The centerpiece of the plaza's northern half (carved out of the southeastern corner of Central Park), is the equestrian statue of William Tecumseh Sherman sculpted by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The principal feature of the plaza's southern half is the Pulitzer Fountain, topped with a bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona sculpted by Karl Bitter. The area around Grand Army Plaza was largely residential in the late 19th century, with several hotels, but it was redeveloped into a commercial neighborhood in the 20th century.

The northern half of Grand Army Plaza was planned in 1858 as one of four entrance plazas at Central Park's corners, and it was expanded south in 1868. Several proposals for the plaza in the 19th century were not executed. The idea for a unified treatment of the plaza was first proposed by Karl Bitter in 1898, and the Sherman statue was dedicated in the northern half of the plaza in 1903. After the newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer died in 1911, the entire plaza was redesigned, and a memorial fountain was installed in 1916. The plaza was rededicated in 1924 in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic. A further renovated in the 1930s, 1980s, and 2010s.

Site[edit]

Grand Army Plaza is one of four monumental plazas placed at the corners of Central Park in Manhattan, New York City.[1] The plaza is bounded on the north by 60th Street, which contains the Scholar's Gate entrance to Central Park. Along the western edge are Central Park's Pond to the northwest and the Plaza Hotel to the southwest. The plaza's southern border, on 58th Street, contains the Bergdorf Goodman Building and the Solow Building. To the east is Fifth Avenue, which contains the General Motors Building, the Sherry-Netherland hotel, and Metropolitan Club from south to north. The Fifth Avenue–59th Street station, served by the New York City Subway's N, ​R, and ​W trains, is under the plaza.[2]

Development history[edit]

In the late 19th century, the area around the plaza had several Gilded Age mansions.[3] Mary Mason Jones developed "Marble Row" on Fifth Avenue between 57th and 58th streets in the late 1860s,[3][4] and Cornelius Vanderbilt II built his 58th Street mansion on the southern side of the plaza in 1882.[3][5] Hotels were also developed around the Fifth Avenue Plaza in the late 19th century.[6] Tweed and several associates unsuccessfully tried to develop a hotel on the east side of the plaza, which was abandoned in 1874 after Tweed fell from power.[7] The original Plaza Hotel was built on the west side of the Fifth Avenue Plaza starting in 1883,[6][8] and it was completed in 1890.[9] It was followed by the Savoy and New Netherland hotels on the northeast and southeast corners of Fifth Avenue and 59th Street, respectively, in 1892.[6] The last vacant lot surrounding the plaza, at the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 58th Street, was developed in 1894.[10] The original Plaza Hotel was replaced in 1907 with the current Plaza Hotel.[11]

The Plaza Hotel at the plaza's western side

By the 1900s, the eastern side of Grand Army Plaza included the Savoy and New Netherland hotels, in addition to a bank and an apartment house.[12] Apartments around the plaza tended to be high-priced at the time.[13] Although the area to the south had become a commercial area,[12] there were upscale residences to the north.[14] During the 20th century, the area around the plaza was known for its hotels and high-end retail.[3] By the time the Vanderbilt mansion was demolished and replaced with the Bergdorf Goodman Building in 1927,[15] the area was almost fully commercial.[3][16] The Savoy-Plaza Hotel was built on the eastern side of the plaza, between 58th and 59th streets, the same year.[16][17] Five apartment buildings were developed around Grand Army Plaza in the early 1960s,[3] and the Savoy-Plaza was replaced by the General Motors Building in the mid-1960s.[18]

Monuments and plaza[edit]

Northern section[edit]

See also: William Tecumseh Sherman (Saint-Gaudens)

The centerpiece of the plaza's northern half, at the southeastern corner of Central Park, is the equestrian statue of William Tecumseh Sherman sculpted by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.[19][20] The gilded-bronze monument consists of an equestrian statue of Sherman. Next to the Sherman figure is Victory, an allegorical female figure of the Greek goddess Nike,[21] which is based on the likeness of the model Hettie Anderson.[20][22] The statues are set on a Stony Creek granite pedestal designed by the architect Charles Follen McKim, measuring 42.5 by 30.67 feet (13 by 9 m) wide.[20] Though Saint-Gaudens had been hired in 1892 to design the sculpture,[23] it was not installed until 1903.[24][25]

Also in the northern section of Grand Army Plaza, at 60th Street near Fifth Avenue, is the Scholars Gate entrance to Central Park.[26] Next to Scholars' Gate is Doris C. Freedman Plaza, named in honor of arts activist and administrator Doris Freedman in 1981.[27] Doris C. Freedman Plaza contains temporary sculptural art installations presented by the Public Art Fund.[27][28] There is also a commemorative plaque measuring 1.33 by 1.75 feet (0.41 by 0.53 m), which was donated by Freedman's daughter Susan Freedman.[29]

Southern section[edit]

See also: Pulitzer Fountain

The principal feature of the plaza's southern half is the Pulitzer Fountain, topped with a bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona sculpted by Karl Bitter. The sculpture depicts the goddess of abundance holding a basket of fruit and is modeled after Doris Doscher. Bitter died in 1915 after completing the plaster cast of the figure,[30] and Isidore Konti completed the statue.[31][32] The fountain contains six levels of basins, measuring 68 feet (21 m) wide at the base and 20.5 feet (6.2 m) high.[32] The three lowest basins are curved, while the two basins above them are polygonal. The statue of abundance rises above the topmost, circular basin. There are also scallop figures and mythical creatures carved into the western and eastern sides of the fountain.[33]

History[edit]

19th and early 20th century[edit]

Creation and early years[edit]

Pomona, atop the Pulitzer Fountain

Until the 19th century, a stream traveled through what is now the site of Grand Army Plaza, extending from the Upper West Side east to the East River; the Pond in Central Park is a remnant of this stream.[34] The landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a contest to design Central Park in 1858,[35] and the park was completed in 1876.[36][7] The design included entrance plazas at each corner of the park.[1] At the southeastern corner was the plaza on Fifth Avenue between 59th and 60th streets, which contained no decorations at all and was recessed into the corner of the park.[7] The space was variously called the Fifth Avenue Plaza, the Central Park Plaza,[7] or just "the Plaza".[37] At the time, the Fifth Avenue Plaza was located on the outskirts of New York City and was surrounded by shacks.[38]

In the mid-1860s, the architect Richard Morris Hunt proposed that decorative gates be installed at Central Park's entrances, including the Fifth Avenue Plaza.[7][39] The gateway, at Fifth Avenue and 60th Street, would have been 200 feet (61 m) wide, with five portals separated by rows of elm trees.[40] There would have been sculptures on decorative pedestals, in addition to a semicircular landing on the plaza's western end, which would have overlooked the Pond in Central Park. The landing would have included a column measuring 50 feet (15 m) tall, with sculptures representing the explorer Henry Hudson and the East and Hudson rivers, as well as a waterfall leading to the Pond.[41][42] There would also have been a fountain within the plaza itself.[42] The gateway was not installed because of opposition from Vaux, who believed that gates were not appropriate for a park that was supposed to be open to all.[39]

Central Park's commissioners acquired land on the western side of Fifth Avenue between 58th and 59th streets in 1868 to provide "a more capacious entrance" to Central Park.[7][43] Simultaneously, the commissioners created a street on the western boundary of the site.[43] At the time, Fifth Avenue was a two-way street, so the expanded plaza provided access for northbound traffic on Fifth Avenue.[7]

During the late 19th century, the Fifth Avenue Plaza was used almost entirely by vehicles. There was a cross-shaped traffic island to the south of 59th Street and a larger traffic circle to the north of that street.[7] Boss Tweed's Tammany Hall political machine took over control of Central Park in 1870. The park commission, published a report the next year questioning the utility of the plaza's southern half.[7] The plaza was originally paved in asphalt, but in 1886, part of the plaza was repaved with granite-block pavement. This prompted a taxpayers' group to request in 1887 that the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) repave the rest of the plaza.[44] NYC Parks subsequently approved a contract in 1887 to add granite pavement to the southern half of the plaza,, as well as new crosswalks to the plaza.[45]

  • 1863 design showing a proposed fountain (before the plaza was extended south to 58th Street).
    1863 design showing a proposed fountain (before the plaza was extended south to 58th Street).
  • 1868 Map of Central Park illustrates the expanded plaza.
    1868 Map of Central Park illustrates the expanded plaza.
  • 1869 map of the plaza, showing a proposed monument where the Pulitzer Fountain was eventually built.
    1869 map of the plaza, showing a proposed monument where the Pulitzer Fountain was eventually built.
  • Aerial view of Grand Army Plaza about 1920
    Aerial view of Grand Army Plaza about 1920

1890s to 1910s plans[edit]

Photo of the Fifth Avenue Plaza in 1905
1905 photo, before improvements

In late 1895, the Architectural League of New York proposed erecting a gateway to honor Richard Morris Hunt, reusing many components of his 1860s proposal for the plaza.[41][46] The gateway would have contained two equestrian statues and four sculptures,[41] but it was canceled due to public opposition and high costs.[46] Simultaneously, there was a proposal to build the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in the Fifth Avenue Plaza;[47] the Fine Arts Federation opposed the plan, saying the monument would be overshadowed by nearby buildings.[48] The commissioners of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument hired Stoughton & Stoughton to design the monument in November 1897,[49] but the National Sculpture Society refused to allow the monument to be erected in the Fifth Avenue Plaza.[50] The city's Municipal Art Commission voted in December 1897 to ban the monument from being constructed in the Fifth Avenue Plaza,[51] and the monument was subsequently moved to Riverside Park,[52] where it was completed in 1903.[7]

The idea for a unified treatment of the Fifth Avenue Plaza was first proposed by Karl Bitter in 1898.[42] Bitter's plan called for the northern and southern halves of the plaza to be designed in a symmetrical manner, with balustrades, benches, statues, and fountains in either half.[53] The next year, there were proposals to construct a memorial arch in honor of George Dewey, who had been victorious in the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay.[54][55] The architect Charles Follen McKim and sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens decided in 1902 to install an equestrian statue of U.S. Army general William Tecumseh Sherman in Central Park.[20] McKim and Saint-Gaudens decided to install the sculpture in the Fifth Avenue Plaza[20][25] after having contemplated several sites on the Upper West Side.[25][56] The statue was dedicated in the northern half of the plaza on May 30, 1903, at the end of a Memorial Day parade.[24] To make way for the statue, the city's Municipal Art Commission notified NYC Parks that two large trees at the plaza's northern end had to be felled.[57]

In 1906, the city's traffic commissioners changed the flow of traffic around the plaza. Previously, only northbound traffic could use Fifth Avenue from 58th to 60th Street, but southbound traffic was also allowed to use Fifth Avenue under the new regulations; in addition, traffic from Central Park began traveling southeast through the plaza to reach Fifth Avenue.[58] There was a suggestion in 1908 to install a monument to President Abraham Lincoln at the plaza.[7] There were several proposals for new or enlarged streets to the plaza as well. One proposal in the 1900s entailed a wide parkway from the plaza east to the Queensboro Bridge, running in between 59th and 60th streets, in the 1900s.[59] In addition, the architect Charles Rollinson Lamb suggested a new avenue extending from the Fifth Avenue Plaza to Times Square in 1911.[60] A commission appointed by Manhattan borough president George McAneny suggested in 1912 that the Fifth Avenue Plaza be redesigned "on dignified and orderly lines" and that a taxicab stand be added to the plaza.[61]

1910s redesign[edit]

Thomas Hastings's 1913 plaza plan, with the Sherman Monument in the northern (upper) half, and the Pulitzer Fountain in the southern (lower) half.

The newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer died in 1911 and bequeathed $50,000 for the creation of a memorial fountain,[33][62] though this bequest was reduced due to a state tax levied upon it.[63] Pulitzer specified that the fountains were to resemble those on the Place de la Concorde in Paris,[33] and he preferred that the fountain be built in the Fifth Avenue Plaza near 59th Street.[62] NYC Parks' landscape architect Charles Downing Lay began studying the Fifth Avenue Plaza in 1911, and he submitted plans for the plaza's redesign to NYC Parks' commissioner in December 1912. Lay's plans included relocating the Sherman Monument south and installing the Pulitzer Fountain at the southern end of the plaza's southern half.[64] That month, the city approved the Pulitzer estate's plans to donate a fountain to the plaza.[65] The estate's executors hosted an architectural design competition for the fountain,[65] inviting five firms.[40][66][67] Charles A. Platt, Paul Philippe Cret, Herbert Adams, George B. Post, and Whitney Warren were asked to review the contest submissions.[67]

The judges selected a scheme by Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings in January 1913,[40][66][68][a] which was displayed at the New York Public Library Main Branch.[69] Hastings's design placed the fountain in the southern half of the plaza. The streets on all sides of the plaza would be widened, and the Sherman Monument would be relocated about 16 feet (4.9 m) west, placing it in the center of the plaza's northern half.[40][66] A balustrade and plantings would be added around the Sherman Monument, and a strip of grass on the north side of 58th Street would be removed.[66] Plane trees would be planted on all sides of the plaza,[67][68] and a shelter building with restrooms would be built in the northern half of the plaza, overlooking the Pond.[40][67] Early plans called for the plaza's trees to be pruned so they would be shaped like cubes, though these were not planted.[70] Traffic around the plaza would be adjusted so that traffic entering Central Park would use 60th Street, while traffic leaving the park would use the plaza's western roadway and turn on 58th Street.[68][71]

Concurrently with the plaza's renovation, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) had drawn out plans for the Broadway Line subway tunnel, with a station at Fifth Avenue/59th Street.[72] Hastings's design for the Fifth Avenue Plaza thus called for subway entrances next to the plaza.[40] Early plans called for the line to run under 59th Street west of the plaza, splitting into two tunnels under 59th and 60th streets to the east.[73] The city set aside $50,000 to pay for the Pulitzer Fountain's construction, and work was about to begin by February 1914.[74] Subway workers began excavating the Fifth Avenue/59th Street station under the plaza that October.[75] The Sherman statue had to be temporarily relocated during the subway's construction,[76][77] and the statue was relocated slightly north, inside Central Park, in November 1914.[78] The Brooklyn Standard Union wrote of the relocation: "This is said to be the first time General Sherman ever retreated."[79] Subway workers also erected a temporary structure in the northern half of the Fifth Avenue Plaza during the construction of the Fifth Avenue/59th Street station.[80]

In 1915, the New York Public Service Commission approved a request to place both of the Broadway Line's subway tracks under 60th Street east of the plaza. This change necessitated that both tracks cross under the plaza.[81] By November 1915. one newspaper reported that the fountain was finished.[82] The Pulitzer Fountain's statue was unceremoniously installed around May 1, 1916.[83] Originally, the fountain also had stone balustrades and torchères.[7][33] The Fifth Avenue/59th Street station opened in 1919.[84] After the subway was completed, the Sherman statue was moved back to the north half of the plaza in July 1919.[85]

Mid-to-late 20th century[edit]

1920s and 1930s[edit]

There was an unsuccessful petition in 1921 to rename the plaza after former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt.[86] That year, the Fifth Avenue Association's Parks and Squares committee planted flowers around the plaza's Sherman statue.[87] The New York City Board of Aldermen agreed to rename the space Grand Army Plaza in 1923,[33][88] after the Grand Army of the Potomac.[88][89] The plaza was formally renamed on April 10, 1924.[37] On that date, a hundred veterans dedicated a plaque at the base of the Sherman statue, marking the 59th anniversary of the Battle of Appomattox Court House.[37][90] Even after this renaming, Grand Army Plaza was seldom referred to using this name; the square was often simply called "the Plaza".[3] Furthermore, the name "Grand Army Plaza" also referred to the former Prospect Park Plaza in Brooklyn.[7]

The Sherman statue was regilded in 1928, following a donation from the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks No. 1 of New York.[91] The Pulitzer Fountain's limestone had deteriorated badly by then, and there were discussions about potentially removing the fountain altogether.[32][92] The fountain's Victory sculpture was regilded in 1929.[93] In 1933, Pulitzer's sons Herbert, Joseph and Ralph donated $35,000 for the restoration of the Pulitzer Fountain, done under the supervision of architect Dan Everett Waid. The work, delayed by labor troubles, was completed by June 1935.[94] As part of the work, the limestone basin was rebuilt in Italian marble, and the limestone balustrade and two columns surrounding the fountain were demolished. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) also proposed removing the balustrade around the Sherman Monument so the north plaza's design would match that of the south plaza.[95]

1940s to 1970s[edit]

The Pulitzer Fountain was turned off around 1950 because water from the fountain was seeping through cracks in the basement and onto the tracks of the BMT Broadway Line. In 1956, the city began spending $28,910 on concrete basins for the fountain and $10,000 to illuminate the fountain at night, while hotel operators and merchants contributed another $7,400 to restore the fountain's Abundance statue.[93] In 1966, NYC Parks began planning a renovation of the Pulitzer Fountain. The Pulitzer Fountain was restored in August 1971 following a renovation that lasted a year and cost $268,000. As part of the project, the fountain's drainage system was improved, the water basins were cleaned, and the cracked limestone steps at the fountain's base were replaced with granite.[96]

On July 23, 1974, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the Grand Army Plaza, including the Pulitzer Fountain and Sherman Monument, as a New York City scenic landmark.[97]

1980s and 1990s renovation[edit]

In 1985, the Central Park Conservancy and the architecture firm of Buttrick White & Burtis presented plans to the LPC for a full restoration of the plaza, including the Pulitzer Fountain.[98] The plans called for the restoration of the balustrade and columns removed in the 1935 repairs.[99] The next year, Bergdorf Goodman raised $100,000 for the restoration of the fountain's Pomona statue.[100] The Grand Army Plaza Partnership, led by The Estée Lauder Companies chief executive Leonard Lauder, raised $3.3 million to fund the plaza's restoration.[101] Donald Trump, Corporate Property Investors, and Sheldon Solow, who each owned a building adjoining the plaza,[b] were among the project's largest donors.[101] The work included cleaning the Pulitzer Fountain, replacing the pavers, and installing replicas of the original light fixtures.[101][102] The LPC also approved plans to restore the original balustrades.[102][103]

The work was completed in June 1990, including a reconstruction of the fountain in granite.[104] The restoration work included a regilding of the Sherman Monument;[104] the David Schwartz Foundation paid over $116.500 for the regilding.[105] According to The New York Times, locals regarded the restored statue as overly ostentatious and wasteful, while Richard J. Schwartz of the David Schwartz Foundation thought the gilding process had not been properly executed.[105] Due to the early 1990s recession, the full restoration of the plaza never occurred.[103]

21st century[edit]

The goddess Nike on the Sherman Monument reaching toward Central Park South, August 2020
The goddess Nike on the Sherman Monument reaching toward Central Park South, August 2020

In 2013, the Central Park Conservancy proposed spending $2 million to renovate the northern half of the plaza.[103][106] At the time, the group was planning to re-gild the Sherman statue, whose paint was beginning to chip.[107] The organization said that it could not afford to restore the original balustrade because that would cost up to $4 million more. Preservationists opposed the original plans as being too narrow in scope; instead, the preservationists wanted the conservancy to also restore the original design details, such as benches and lights.[103] The Sherman statue was re-gilded as part of the north-side renovation.[108][109] In addition, the area around the Sherman statue was repaved and regraded, and the drainage system was replaced. The north side of the plaza was reopened in 2015.[109]

In 2018, New York City mayor Bill de Blasio proposed adding drop-off and pick-up stands for Central Park's horse-drawn carriages at Grand Army Plaza and two other locations, replacing an existing stand on Central Park South/59th Street.[110] Carriages began using the new stands in 2019.[111] The New York City Department of Transportation installed sidewalk extensions along Grand Army Plaza's roadway in late 2020 as part of a series of traffic changes along the southeast corner of Central Park. The section of Central Park South that bisected the plaza was converted to a one-way eastbound street.[112] Operators of horse-drawn carriages advocated for the plaza to be closed to vehicular traffic, providing a dedicated space for pedestrians and carriages.[113] In early 2024, the Central Park Conservancy began renovating the southern half of Grand Army Plaza.[114]

Usage[edit]

Grand Army Plaza has hosted various events throughout its history. For instance, starting in 1920, concerts were hosted in the plaza at night,[115] and the Grand Army of the Republic also hosted annual ceremonies at the plaza's Sherman statue.

Impact[edit]

In 1899, the New-York Tribune wrote that the plaza "is one of the show-places of New York. It is a spot that lends itself to display of circumstance, pageantry and power."[54] A New York Times writer said in 1962 that Grand Army Plaza "provides a serene contrast to the bustling midtown commerce" nearby and that it was one of a few remaining European-styled public spaces in the city.[3] Christopher Gray wrote in 1999 that the plaza was "one of New York's few successful open spaces".[70] Gray wrote that the plaza was mostly surrounded by similarly-styled white-and-green buildings on all sides, with the exception of the plaza in front of the General Motors Building.[70]

The plaza's fountain was shown in the 1917 film Reaching for the Moon.[102] In addition, historic photographs of the plaza were displayed in a 1990 exhibit at the New York School of Interior Design.[38]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The other designers in the competition were McKim, Mead & White; Arnold W. Brunner; John Russell Pope; and Harold Van Buren Magonigle.[40][66]
  2. ^ At the time, Trump owned the Plaza Hotel; CPI owned the General Motors Building; and Solow owned the Solow Building.

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Named Gates". Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  2. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Midtown" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Plaza Section Serves as Setting For New Apartment Buildings; Prices Will Be High A Legendary House The Plaza's Namesake". The New York Times. November 25, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  4. ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1999, p. 578.
  5. ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1999, pp. 596–597.
  6. ^ a b c Stern, Gilmartin & Massengale 1983, p. 261.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gray, Christopher (July 23, 2006). "A Plaza Evolves From Oversight to Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  8. ^ "A Grand Family Hotel.; the Mammoth Structure to Be Erected on the Fifth-Avenue Plaza". The New York Times. November 4, 1883. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  9. ^ "For Eight Hours of Work.; Letter Carriers' Mass Meeting in Cooper Union Indorses the Bill". The New York Times. September 30, 1890. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  10. ^ "The Bolkenhayn House; Features of a Proposed Building at the Fifth Avenue Plaza". The New York Times. February 6, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
  11. ^ "Dinner at the New Plaza Hotel". New-York Tribune. October 1, 1907. p. 9. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Fifth Avenue -- From Forty-second to Sixtieth; A Generation Ago This Was Exclusively a Residence Section; Now Business Is Intruding, Curious Conditions in Which Famous Millionaire Homes Are on the Defensive Against Trade". The New York Times. September 13, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  13. ^ "High Rentals Paid in New York; Private Residences in Manhattan Rapidly Giving Way to Hotels and Hotel Apartment Houses". The New York Times. April 28, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  14. ^ "The New Mayfair of New York City's Society; Typical of a Phase of American Life, Upper Fifth Avenue Is Unique Among Fashion's Thoroughfares". The New York Times. September 6, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  15. ^ "Group of Buildings for Vanderbilt Site; Unique Architectural Treatment Planned for Upper Fifth Avenue Block". The New York Times. April 17, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
  16. ^ a b "Noted Fifth Avenue Mansions Yielding to Advance of Trade: Hall and Staircase of Famous Vanderbilt Mansion, New York". The Christian Science Monitor. January 12, 1926. p. 6. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 511793610.
  17. ^ "Savoy Plaza Hotel to Open Soon". The New York Times. September 26, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  18. ^ "48‐Story Tower to Rise on Savoy Plaza Site; Character of 5th Ave. Area Will Be Kept, Architects Assert". The New York Times. December 16, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  19. ^ "William Tecumseh Sherman". Central Park Conservancy. January 29, 2019. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  20. ^ a b c d e "Grand Army Plaza Monuments: William Tecumseh Sherman". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. May 30, 1903. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  21. ^ Warner, Marina (2000) [1985]. Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form. University of California Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-520-22733-0.
  22. ^ Kahn, Eve M. (August 12, 2021). "Overlooked No More: Hettie Anderson, Sculptors' Model Who Evaded Fame". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  23. ^ Tauranac & Little 1985, p. 149.
  24. ^ a b "Unveil Sherman Statue With Appropriate Service.: St. Gaudens' Magnificent Equestrian Work Formally Dedicated to the City of New York--Root Delivers Address". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 31, 1903. p. 33. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 173114890; "Statue of Gen. Sherman Unveiled in Manhattan". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 30, 1903. p. 2. Retrieved June 22, 2024; "Statue of Sherman Unveiled". New-York Tribune. May 31, 1903. pp. 1, 2. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  25. ^ a b c Tauranac & Little 1985, p. 150.
  26. ^ Martin, Douglas (December 3, 1999). "Central Park Entrances in a Return to the Past". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Doris C. Freedman Plaza (Southeast entrance to Central Park – East…". Central Park Conservancy. January 28, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  28. ^ "Doris C. Freedman Plaza in Central Park". NYC-ARTS. December 6, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  29. ^ "Doris C. Freedman Plaza Plaque". NYC Parks. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  30. ^ Schevill, Ferdinand (2021). Karl Bitter: A Biography. Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 65–67. ISBN 978-1-01-506202-3.
  31. ^ Konti, Isidore; Hudson River Museum (1974). The Sculpture of Isidore Konti, 1862-1938: Exhibition , January 26-March 30, 1975, the Hudson River Museum. The Museum. pp. 63–64.
  32. ^ a b c "Removal of Pulitzer Fountain Considered; So Broken, It Is Held to Mar Plaza Square". The New York Times. August 22, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
  33. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 2.
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