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International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

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Not to be confused with Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022).
Situation in Ukraine
The seal of the International Criminal Court
The seal of the International Criminal Court
File no.01/22
Referred byAlbania, Australia, Austria, and 36 other ICC member states
Date referred25 February 2022
Date opened3 March 2022 (2022-03-03)
Incident(s)Revolution of Dignity and Russo-Ukrainian War
Crimeswar crimes:
crimes against humanity:
Status of suspects
Vladimir PutinFugitive
Maria Lvova-BelovaFugitive
Viktor SokolovFugitive
Sergey KobylashFugitive
Sergei ShoiguFugitive
Valery GerasimovFugitive

The International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine or the Situation in Ukraine is an ongoing investigation by the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) into "any past and present allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide committed on any part of the territory of Ukraine by any person" during the period starting "from 21 November 2013 onwards",[1] on an "open-ended basis", covering the Revolution of Dignity, the Russo-Ukrainian War including the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, the war in Donbas and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[2] The ICC prosecutor commenced these investigations on 2 March 2022, after receiving referrals for the situation in Ukraine from 39 ICC State Parties.[3][1]

Preliminary examination

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As of February 2022, Ukraine is not party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC).[2] In 2014 and 2015, the government of Ukraine made two formal requests for the ICC to investigate any Russian war crimes and crimes against humanity that may have occurred in Ukraine in the 2014 Euromaidan protests and civil unrest, the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and the war in Donbas. The first declaration was for the dates from 21 November 2013 to 22 February 2014, covering the whole territory of Ukraine. The second declaration requested an extended investigation from 20 February with an open-ended date, again for the whole of Ukrainian territory.[2]

On 25 April 2014, the ICC started a preliminary examination of crimes against humanity that may have occurred in Ukraine in the 2014 Euromaidan protests and civil unrest, the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and the war in Donbas. On 11 December 2020, the ICC Prosecutor found that "there was a reasonable basis to believe that war crimes and crimes against humanity were committed", that the "alleged crimes identified would [as of December 2020] be admissible", and that there was "a reasonable basis for investigation, subject to judicial authorisation".[4][5]

Referrals, jurisdiction and authorisation

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On 25 February 2022, the day after the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, ICC Prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan stated that the ICC could "exercise its jurisdiction and investigate any act of genocide, crime against humanity or war crime committed within Ukraine."[6] Khan stated on 28 February that he intended to launch a full ICC investigation and that he had requested his team to "explore all evidence preservation opportunities". He stated that it would be faster to officially open the investigation if an ICC member state referred the case for investigation,[7] under Article 13(a) of the Rome Statute, rather than under proprio motu of Article 13(c), which would also establish jurisdiction, but would be slower.[7]

Lithuanian prime minister Ingrida Šimonytė stated on 28 February that Lithuania had requested that the ICC investigation be opened.[7] On 2 March 2022, Khan stated that he had received referrals from 39 states, enabling Khan to open an investigation under Article 14 of the Rome Statute. Khan stated that the Prosecutor's Office had already "identified potential cases that would be admissible".[3][1] On 11 March, Japan and North Macedonia joined the referrals, bringing the total number of referring states to 41.[8] On 1 or 2 March 2022, the Situation in Ukraine was assigned to Pre-Trial Chamber II of the ICC, with judges Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua, Tomoko Akane and Rosario Salvatore Aitala, who are required to decide whether to authorise the investigation after they receive a request for authorisation from the Prosecutor, Khan.[9]

List of countries that referred the situation in Ukraine to the ICC

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The countries that referred the case of war crimes in Ukraine to the ICC include the following:[10][11][12][13]

  1. Albania
  2. Australia
  3. Austria
  4. Belgium
  5. Bulgaria
  6. Canada
  7. Chile
  8. Colombia
  9. Costa Rica
  10. Croatia
  11. Cyprus
  12. Czech Republic
  13. Denmark
  14. Estonia
  15. Finland
  16. France
  17. Georgia
  18. Germany
  19. Greece
  20. Hungary
  21. Iceland
  22. Ireland
  23. Italy
  24. Japan
  25. Latvia
  26. Liechtenstein
  27. Lithuania
  28. Luxembourg
  29. Malta
  30. Montenegro
  31. North Macedonia
  32. Norway
  33. Netherlands
  34. New Zealand
  35. Poland
  36. Portugal
  37. Romania
  38. Slovakia
  39. Slovenia
  40. Spain
  41. Sweden
  42. Switzerland
  43. United Kingdom

Investigation

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Prosecutor Khan stated on 3 March 2022 that an initial team consisting of "investigators, lawyers, and people with particular experience in operational planning" was sent to Ukraine region to begin collecting evidence.[14] On 11 March 2022 he announced that his office had created a dedicated portal through which any person holding information relevant to the Ukraine situation can contact the ICC investigators.[15]

On 16 March 2022, the ICC Prosecutor visited western Ukraine and Poland to personally assess the situation on the ground in Ukraine.[16] During this visit, the ICC Prosecutor met with the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Prosecutor-General of Ukraine, and met the president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, virtually.[16] The ICC Prosecutor joined Zelensky's view that every possible effort should be made to ensure that the conduct of hostilities does not give rise to breaches of international humanitarian law, and declared that his office may investigate and prosecute any attacks intentionally directed against the civilian population or civilian objects.[16]

Arrest warrants

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Main articles: Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War and ICC arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova
People indicted in the International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

On 22 February 2023, Karim Ahmad Khan requested Pre-Trial Chamber II to issue warrants for the arrest of Vladimir Putin, president of the Russian Federation, and Maria Lvova-Belova, the Presidential Commissioner for Children's Rights in Russia, on the basis of "reasonable grounds" that they "bear criminal responsibility for the unlawful deportation and transfer of Ukrainian children from occupied areas of Ukraine to the Russian Federation, contrary to article 8(2)(a)(vii) and article 8(2)(b)(viii) of the Rome Statute". Khan stated that "at least hundreds of children" had been deported to Russia, and that Putin had issued presidential decrees making it easier to give the children Russian citizenship. Khan's office interpreted the events as "an intention to permanently remove [the] children from their own country".[17]

On 17 March 2023, the Pre-Trial Chamber issued arrest warrants for Putin and Lvova-Belova.[18][19][20][21]

On 5 March 2024, the ICC issued arrest warrants for senior military officials Viktor Sokolov and Sergey Kobylash, on reasonable grounds of suspecting them of the war crimes of directing attacks at civilian objects and of causing excessive incidental harm to civilians or damage to civilian objects (Articles 8(2)(b)(ii) and 8(2)(b)(iv) of the Rome Statute) and of the crime against humanity of inhumane acts under article 7(1)(k). As of March 2024, the details of the warrants were kept secret to protect witnesses and protect the investigation.[22]

On 24 June 2024, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Russian politician and military officer Sergei Shoigu and Russian army general Valery Gerasimov.[23]

Resources

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On 4 March 2022, European Union (EU) justice ministers requested Eurojust to support war crimes and crimes against humanity investigations by national courts and by the ICC. On 23 March 2022, the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs declared that it would provide €500 thousand of extra funding to the ICC and would increase the support "if need be".[24]

Issues with enforcement

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The ICC relies on member countries to assist with investigation and enforcement. However, many countries are not members of the ICC, including India, China and the United States.[25] Russia withdrew its signature from the Rome Statute in 2016, after the ICC ruled that Russia's invasion of Crimea amounted to an "ongoing occupation".[26] Therefore, Russia has no legal obligation to cooperate with the ICC and would be unlikely to hand over suspects for trial or prosecution, particularly President Vladimir Putin.[27][28]

Since Russia is not a member of the ICC, enforcing arrest warrants against suspects located on Russian territory is expected to be difficult.[27][28]

Earlier, in April 2022, United States authorities had stated that the US would help the International Criminal Court to prosecute Russian President Vladimir Putin and others for war crimes committed during the invasion of Ukraine.[29][30]

On 19 March 2023, German Federal Justice Minister Marco Buschmann confirmed in an interview that Germany would arrest Putin should he set foot on German soil.[31]

US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin refused to cooperate with the ICC in the investigation of Russian war crimes in Ukraine, out of concern that doing so could legitimize the ICC's investigation of United States war crimes.[32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Khan, Karim Ahmad (2022-03-02). "Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: Receipt of Referrals from 39 States Parties and the Opening of an Investigation". ICC. Archived from the original on 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
  2. ^ a b c Karim Ahmad, Khan (2022-02-28). "Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: 'I have decided to proceed with opening an investigation.'". ICC. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  3. ^ a b "Ukraine invasion: International Criminal Court investigates alleged Russian war crimes". South China Morning Post. 2022-03-03. Archived from the original on 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
  4. ^ "Preliminary examination – Ukraine". International Criminal Court. 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  5. ^ "Russia, Ukraine & International Law: On Occupation, Armed Conflict and Human Rights". Human Rights Watch. 2022-02-23. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  6. ^ "ICC says may investigate possible war crimes after Russian invasion of Ukraine". Thomson Reuters. 2022-02-25. Archived from the original on 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  7. ^ a b c Borger, Julian (2022-02-28). "ICC prosecutor to investigate possible war crimes in Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  8. ^ "Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: Additional Referrals from Japan and North Macedonia; Contact portal launched for provision of information". icc-cpi.int. International Criminal Court. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  9. ^ "ICC Presidency assigns the Situation in Ukraine to Pre-Trial Chamber II". International Criminal Court. 2022-03-02. Archived from the original on 2022-03-06. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  10. ^ "Russia referred to International Criminal Court for alleged war crimes in Ukraine". inews.co.uk. The i. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  11. ^ "Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: Additional Referrals from Japan and North Macedonia; Contact portal launched for provision of information". icc-cpi.int. International Criminal Court. 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  12. ^ "Ukraine Referral Montenegro" (PDF). International Criminal Court. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  13. ^ Salinas Burgos, Hernan (1 April 2022). "Chile Letter to OTP" (PDF). International Criminal Court. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  14. ^ "ICC prosecutor: Team leaves to investigate war crimes in Ukraine". Thomson Reuters. 2022-03-03. Archived from the original on 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
  15. ^ "Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: Additional Referrals from Japan and North Macedonia; Contact portal launched for provision of information". International Criminal Court. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  16. ^ a b c "Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on his visits to Ukraine and Poland: "Engagement with all actors critical for effective, independent investigations."". International Criminal Court. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  17. ^ Karim Ahmad Khan (17 March 2023), Statement by Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants against President Vladimir Putin and Ms Maria Lvova-Belova, Wikidata Q117194521, archived from the original on 17 March 2023
  18. ^ Hofmański, Piotr (March 17, 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video). youtube.com. International Criminal Court.
  19. ^ "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin on war crime allegations". Al Jazeera. 17 March 2023. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  20. ^ Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  21. ^ Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  22. ^ International Criminal Court press release about arrest warrants against Sergei Kobylash and Viktor Sokolov, International Criminal Court, 5 March 2024, Wikidata Q124748309, archived from the original on 5 March 2024
  23. ^ Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu and Valery Vasilyevich Gerasimov, International Criminal Court, 25 June 2024, Wikidata Q126902384, archived from the original on 25 June 2024
  24. ^ "International Criminal Court investigation into crimes committed in Ukraine (23 Mar. 2022)". Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. 2022-03-23. Archived from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  25. ^ Felter, Claire (23 February 2021). "The Role of the International Criminal Court". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  26. ^ "Russia withdraws from International Criminal Court treaty". BBC. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  27. ^ a b Shelton, Tracey (10 March 2022). "What constitutes a war crime and who could try Russia for alleged crimes committed during its invasion of Ukraine?". Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  28. ^ a b Brissenden, Michael (4 March 2022). "Putin has been accused of committing war crimes. But could the International Criminal Court bring him to justice?". ABC News. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  29. ^ "U.S. looks to assist war crimes prosecutions targeting Russian leaders". The Washington Post. 25 April 2022.
  30. ^ Orentlicher, Diane (10 May 2022). "The case for a Putin war crimes trial". NBC News.
  31. ^ "Germany will have to arrest Putin if he enters its territory". The Kyiv Independent. 19 March 2023.
  32. ^ "Pentagon withholding evidence in Russia war crimes case: Senators". Al Jazeera. 11 May 2023.
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